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 ESQUIRE knowledge of anatomy. The ivory or walrus tusks of which they form their models are cut by continued chopping with a knife, one end of the ivory resting on a soft stone, which serves as a block. To smooth and polish the work, a gritty stone is used as a file, and kept constantly wet with saliva. Richardson rep- resents these people as scrupulously honest toward each other, but utterly regardless of the property rights of strangers. They sub- sist almost exclusively upon fish and animal food, which the rigor of the climate enables them to eat raw and in large quantities. Fat of animals and fish oil constitute their chief delicacies. Mr. John Simpson, physician of the ship Plover, says their principal settlements at Point Barrow, Cape Smyth, Point Hope, and Cape Prince of Wales are inhabited during the whole year; but Wainwright inlet, Icy cape, Port Clarence, and Norton sound,, the coasts of Kotzebue sound, and other settle- ments and huts along the coasts, are only inhabited during the winter and deserted in summer. Their commercial places are King- ing on Cape Prince of Wales, Sesualing at the mouth of the Nunatak, Nigalek at that of the river Oobrille, and Nuwuak on Point Bar- ter. Four or five Asiatic boats are engaged in the trade, and land their freight at Sesua- ling, where a species of fair is held toward the end of July, which is distinguished not only for its active commercial but also for its plea- sant social character. Most ethnologists class the Esquimaux with the Mongolians ; Prichard, Gallatin, Duponceau, and Archbishop Tach6 give to them the same origin as that of the hunting tribes of North American Indians. The Moravians began missions among the Es- quimaux about the middle of the last century. The missions were permanently founded in 1770, Nain being established the next year and Okkak and Hopedale soon after. They have the Gospels in Labrador Esquimaux (London, 1810-'13), and in Greenland (London, 1822). ~he language has no /*, j, <?, #, or 2, and &, d, g, and n never begin a word. ESQUIRE, or Squire (Lat. scutifer, old Fr. escuier, a shield-bearer), originally a warrior armed with shield and javelin. Under the later Roman emperors the name was applied to soldiers to whom especially was assigned the defence of the palace and person of the emperor. The name was adopted in France, from the earliest period of the monarchy, to designate those holding the first rank in the army. In the ages of chivalry the rank of es- quire followed that of valet or page, and was the last degree of apprenticeship before attain- ing the honor of knighthood. (See CHIVALRY.) In England the title of esquire strictly belongs by right of birth to the sons of younger sons of dukes and marquises; to all the sons of earls, viscounts, and barons; to the eldest sons of baronets and of knights of all the orders. The title is also given to the officers of the king's court and household ; to the officers of ESQUIROS 731 the army and navy down to the captain inclu- sive ; to doctors of law, barristers, physicians, justices of the peace while in commission, and the sheriffs of counties for life. The heads of many old families are also deemed esquires by prescription. But the title is now so gen- erally bestowed that it has lost its strict tech- nical value. It is ordinarily used as a mark of respect in the superscription of letters in Eng- land and in the United States. ESQUIROL, Jean Etienne Dominique, a French physician and philanthropist, born in Toulouse, Jan. 4, 1772, died Dec. 12, 1840. He was studying at Paris when the revolution broke out, and led him to enter the medical service of the army. In 1794 he attended the military hos- pital in Narbonne, and on his return to Paris he became Pinel's assistant in the Salpetriere, and took at the same time an able part in the editing of Pinel's medical journal (Medecine clinique). In 1799 he founded a lunatic asy- lum, which became the model of all similar in- stitutions afterward founded in France. He was appointed physician to the Salpetriere in 1811. In 1817 he opened a course of clinical lectures, in which he pointed out the reforms needed in the treatment of lunatics, and at the same time became one of a government com- mission on the subject. In 1823 he was ap- pointed inspector general of the university for the faculties of medicine, and in 1825 physi- cian-in-chief to the royal institution for the in- sane at Oharenton. In 1830 he was deprived of his offices in consequence of his opposition to the July revolution. He contributed many important papers to the Encyclopedic des gens du monde, and to the great Dictionnaire des sciences medicales. In 1838 he published a more elaborate work, Des maladies mentales, considerees sous les rapports medical, hygie- nique, et medico-legal (2 vols. 8vo). ESQUIROS, Henri Alphonse, a French author and politician, born in Paris in 1814. He pub- lished some poetry in 1834, and subsequently wrote in the socialist interest, and in 1840 was imprisoned for eight months on account of his heterodox description of Christ in L 'evangile du peuple. He was an ultra-radical member of the legislative assembly from 1849 till Dec. 2, 1851, when he was banished, and went to Holland, and afterward to England. Under the amnesty of 1869 he returned to France, and was elected to the legislative body. He was prefect of the department of Bouches- du-Rh6ne from September to November, 1870, and in February, 1871, was elected to the national assembly, of which he was still a member in 1873. Among his works, besides several novels, are : Les merges martyres, Les merges follcs, and Les merges sages (1841-'2) ; Histoire des Montagnards (2 vols., 1847) ; Les fastes populaires (4 vols., 1851-'3) ; La Neer- lande et la vie hollandaise (2 vols., 1859 ; Eng- lish translation, " The Dutch at Home," 1861) ; and L 1 Angleterre et la me anglaise (5 vols., 1869-'70; English translation by L. Wraxall,