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 672 ENVERMEU EOCENE by a aeries of hills, none of which attain a greater elevation than 800 ft. ; but toward the N. W. rises Mount Montial, with a sur- face equal to about one fifth of that of the whole territory. Extensive forests cover the plains, especially along the banks of the rivers, which latter are exceedingly numerous, and not a few of considerable magnitude. The climate is in general mild and equable, and is considered by Europeans to be very salubrious. Entre-Rios is essentially a pas- toral province; over 8,000 of its inhabitants are estancieros or cattle farmers, with immense herds of horned cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. Wheat, maize, mandioca, sugar ^cane, peanuts, tobacco, and many kinds of fruit are produced in abundance. Cotton, until 1865 extensively cultivated, has since that time re- ceived but little attention, owing to periodi- cal droughts, and the lack of hands to pick it. Cochineal, indigo, and cascarilla yield large crops spontaneously ; and the silkworm has been introduced. The forests supply a great variety of valuable timber. Fine limestone abounds in many parts, and extensive quarries are worked along the margin of the Parana ; a kind of cement is found in several localities, and exported to Buenos Ayres. Other impor- tant exports are hides, horns, tallow, jerked beef, dairy produce, eggs, honey, and wax. Occasional inundations and the want of ade- quate roads are great drawbacks to the pros- perity of the province. There are 78 primary schools, 25 public and 53 private; and these were attended in 1871-2 by 3,691 children be- tween the ages of 6 and 15 years, out of a total number of 36,840 children. The prov- ince is divided into departments, and these into distritos de campana. Capital, Concep- cion del Uruguay. ENVERMEU, a small town of France, in the department of Seine-Inferieure, Normandy; pop. about 1,500. It is within a few miles of Dieppe, and contains the site of an ancient Frankish cemetery, explored from 1849 to 1856 by the abbe" Cochet, and found to contain many valuable relics, among them bronze and gold jewelry, swords, sabres, bronze buckles, a Gaulish coin or rather ingot of gold, which presented on the reverse an ill-formed minia- ture horse (supposed to belong to the era of 270 to 100 B. C.), necklaces of glass beads, iron axes (francisca), accompanied by iron lances (framew), iron spurs, arrow points, iron daggers ornamented at the point with a plate of bronze and flanked by small knives, elegant bronze purse clasps, &c. The cemetery seems to have been circular, and was probably once covered by a tumulus, long since removed by the operations of agriculture. EX/10, or Entius, a natural son of Frederick II., emperor of Germany, born in 1224 or 1225, died in Bologna, March 14 or 15, 1272. He was handsome, accomplished, and chival- ric, and took a distinguished part in the con- tests of his father with the Guelphs. At the age of thirteen he accompanied him to the bat- tle of Cortenuova, and about two years later his father caused his marriage with Adelasia, marchioness of Massa, the widow of Waldo Visconti, and the heiress of important pos- sessions in Italy. On this occasion he was created king of Sardinia, but it was only a nominal dignity. A more substantial one con- ferred on him by the emperor was that of governor general of Lombardy and commander of the German troops against the Milanese. Gregory IX. excommunicated Frederick in March, 1239 ; the pope's anger increased the ardor of Enzio, and he conquered for his father many towns in Umbria. As commander of the emperor's naval force in 1241, he defeated, in conjunction with the Pisan fleet, the Genoese in the vicinity of Leghorn, near the island of Meloria (May 3), after a protracted engage- ment. A great number of prelates were on board the Genoese galleys, about to attend, in spite of the emperor's remonstrance, a council convoked at Rome by Gregory. All these prelates, about 100 archbishops and bishops and three legates of the pope, were captured ; the total number of prisoners was estimated at 4,000. The booty taken from the Genoese com- prised a large amount of money, and in token of this success the prelates were removed to prison in chains of silver. After this and other victories over the Guelphs, the Ghibel- lines were defeated, May, 26, 1249, in the bloody battle on the Fossalta. Enzio being: captured, the Bolognese condemned him to perpetual imprisonment, and refused to release him, although the emperor was ready to pay any ransom. He continued in prison 23 years, surviving the sons and grandsons of Frederick, who all met with violent deaths. EOCENE (Gr. jywf, dawn, and naivos, recent), the lowest division or earliest epoch of the tertiary formation or period. It was named by Sir Charles Lyell, who divided the tertiary period into three epochs, called respectively, according to time, eocene, miocene, and plio- cene, under the generally existing belief that the eocene contained among its fossils from 5 to 10 per cent, belonging to existing species. It was known that the next older formation, the cretaceous, belonging to the reptilian age, contains no existing species, and therefore this lowest tertiary epoch was named for the pur- pose of expressing the idea that it was the dawn of the existing state of the testaceous fauna. Since the division was made and brought into general use, it has been found that all the species of the eocene epoch are extinct. The miocene, however, contains from 10 to 40 per cent, and the pliocene from 50 to 90 per cent, of species now existing. The eocene rocks are well developed in the London and Paris basins, the cities of London, Paris, and Brussels being built upon the formation ; a cir- cumstance which has tended to attract much attention to its study, as well as the numerous fossils which it contains, and by which it was