Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/674

 662 ENTOMOLOGY absence of the wings ; as his idea of an insect necessitates metamorphosis, however imperfect, he gives the name ametabola (applied by Leach to apterous insects) to all those with an imper- fect metamorphosis, as there is no real differ- ence in the process of development in each. Westwood, in his " Introduction to the Mod- ern Classification of Insects," in 1839, gives the following : II. MOUTH WITH A SUCKER. Order diptera. Osc. ord. homaloptera. " aphaniptera. j heteroptera (includ- ing the water bugs). " homoptera. ' lepidoptera. I. MOUTH WITH JAWS. Order Jiymenoptera. Osculant order, strep- ziptera. " coleoptera. Osc. ord. euplexoptera. " orthoptera. " neuroptera. " trichoptera. Stephens, in the article "Insecta," in vol. ii. of the " Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology" (1839), divides insects into: I. Mandibulata, containing coleoptera, dermap- tera (earwigs), orthoptera, neuroptera, tri- choptera, (caddis flies), Jiymenoptera, and strep- siptera; and II. Haustellata, containing le- pidoptera, diptera, homaloptera, aphaniptera, aptera, hemiptera, and homoptera. Siebold (Burnett's translation), in 1848, gives the fol- lowing classification : A. Insects without met- amorphosis, ametabola, containing 1, apte- ra (pediculidcB, &c.). B. With incomplete metamorphosis, hemimetabola, containing a, with suctorial mouth: 2, hemiptera; 5, with mandibulate mouth : 3, orthoptera. C. "With complete metamorphosis, holometabola, con- taining a, with suctorial, mouth : 4, dipte- ra ; 5, lepidoptera ; 6, Jiymenoptera; ~b, with mandibulate mouth : 7, strepsiptera ; 8, neu- roptera; and 9, coleoptera. This is the same as the classification of Vogt, founded upon em- bryological principles ; and the orders are the same as those of Owen, as given in the second edition of his " Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals " (1855), except that homoptera is sub- stituted by him for hemiptera. The orders of Milne-Edwards, in his Cours elementaire d'his- toire naturelle (1855), are nearly the same as Siebold's, except that aptera is omitted, rhipip- tera substituted for strepsiptera, and anoplu- ra and thysanoura are added. The embryo- logical system of Van Beneden (1855) is the same as the last> the term strepsiptera being reintroduced, and parasita substituted for ano- plura. Prof. Agassiz, in the " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" (vol. ii., 1851), gives the following classification of insects from embryological data : I. CHEWING INSECTS (man- II. SUCKING INSECTS (Jiaut- dibulata). tellata). Neuroptera. ffemiptera. Coleoptera. Diptera. Orthoptera. Lepidoptera. Hymenoptera. In this the subdivisions are made according to their transformations. From the fact that those undergoing complete metamorphosis have a chewing apparatus in the early stages of their growth, which is gradually transformed into various kinds of suckers, he expresses the belief that the mand'ibulata are lower than the haus- tellata ; and he also ranks lepidoptera highest among insects, and not coleoptera, as generally maintained. Mr. A. S. Packard, in his "Syn- thetic Types of Insects" (1872), makes seven sub-orders, viz. : hymenoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, coleoptera, hemiptera, orthoptera, and neuroptera. Mr. Wilson in the article " En- tomology " in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," Dr. Burnett in his translation of Siebold, and Mr. Westwood, give valuable lists of the au- thors on this science, 1 arranged in chronologi- cal order ; from them we select the following as among the most important writers since La- treille : in England, Donovan, Curtis, Wood, Bennie, Haliday, A. White, Doubleday, Shuck- ard, Hope, Newman, and Newport ; in France, Jurine, Dufour, Godart, Guerin - M6neville, Boisduval, Dejean, Lacordaire, and Blanchard; in Germany, Meigen, Ochsenheimer, Klug, Fischer von Waldheim, and Germar ; in Swe- den, Fallen ; in America, Thomas Say, Dr. T. W. Harris, J. L. Leconte, S. H. Scudder, A. S. Packard, and Dr. Hagen. The most useful work on entomology ever published in this country is the " Treatise on some of the Insects of New England which are Injurious to Vege- tation," by Dr. T. W. Harris, issued by order of the legislature of Massachusetts ; the second edition was published in 1852, and the third, edited by Charles L. Flint, in 1862, with illus- trations, at the expense of the state. In this work are adopted the seven following orders, as generally received by naturalists : I. Coleop- tera (or beetles), with jaws, two thick wing covers meeting in a straight line on the top of the back, and two filmy, transversely folded wings ; metamorphosis complete ; larvae gener- ally with six true legs and sometimes with a terminal prop leg, rarely without legs; pupa with wings and legs distinct and unconfined. II. Orthoptera (cockroaches, crickets, &c.), with jaws, two opaque upper -wings overlap- ping a little on the back, and two larger thin wings folded an fan-like plaits ; transformation partial ; larvaa and pupae active, but without wings. III. Hemiptera (bugs and plant lice), with a horny beak for suction ; four wings, of which the upper lie flat, cross each other on the back, and slope at the sides like a roof; trans- formation partial ; larvae and pupae like the adults, but wingless. IV. Neuroptera (dragon flies, May flies, white ants, &c.), with jaws, four netted wings, the hinder the largest ; with no sting nor piercer; transformation complete or partial ; larva and pupa various. V. Lepi- doptera (butterflies and moths), with a sucking tube; four scaly wings; transformation com- plete ; larvae with six true legs, and from four to ten prop legs ; pupa with the cases of the wings and legs indistinct, and soldered to the breast. VI. Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants), with jaws ; four veined wings, the hinder pair