Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/668

 656 ENKHUISEN ENNIUS a green ink was invented, made from the an- hydrous sesquioxide of chromium, which filled the required conditions; it could not be remov- ed without destroying the black ink with it. This practically prevents counterfeiting by pho- tography, for green acts the same as black on the photographic plate. This green ink was used for several years in printing the United States money, but it was finally discarded be- cause it wore down the plates so fast that it increased largely the cost of producing the notes. When different colors are used, sepa- rate plates are required for each tint, only one of which is printed at a time. A good work- man can make from 500 to 600 impressions in a day, whereas by the electrotype process of the bank of England 3,000 can be produced in an hour. After printing, the notes are dried by artificial heat in the drying room. This process, which formerly required a week, is now accomplished in a few hours. They are then smoothed between pasteboards by hydro- static pressure. To lessen the tedious me- chanical operations connected with engraving, attempts have been made to obtain direct- ly from the drawings, by chemical means, en- graved daguerreotypes and photographic nega- tives for printing. Various processes have been devised, both in the United States and in Europe, to effect this object, some of which have met with a good measure of success. (See PHOTOGRAPHY.) ENKIIUISEN, a seaport town of the Nether- lands, in the province of North Holland, on a small peninsula in the Zuyder-Zee, 27 m. N. E. of Amsterdam; pop. in 1867, 5,625. It has several churches, a fine town hall, several salt refineries, and a large cannon foundery. The town was formerly more important than at present, and it is said to have had at one time about 40,000 inhabitants. The harbor, being filled up with sand, is now nearly useless. ENNEMOSER, Joseph, a German physiologist, born at Hintersee, in the Tyrol, Nov. 15, 1787, died at Egern, Upper Bavaria, Sept. 19, 1854. In early life he was a shepherd, but his love of learning induced several clergymen to send him to a gymnasium and afterward to the univer- sity of Innspruck. Among his classmates was the celebrated Hofer, whom in 1809 he followed in the Tyrolese insurrection as secretary. At its close he resumed his studies, but in 1812 made an unsuccessful effort in England to raise means for its renewal, and then entered the Prussian service, distinguishing himself in the campaigns of 1813-14 as commander of a com- pany of Tyrolese, and especially as a staff offi- cer. On the conclusion of peace he resumed his studies at Berlin, graduated as doctor of medicine in 1816, officiated from 1819 to 1837 as professor in Bonn, afterward practised his profession at Innspruck, and in 1841 removed to Munich, where he gained a high reputation by his skill in the practical application of ani- mal magnetism and by his writings on medical and physiological science. His most important works are: Der Magnetismus (2d ed., Leipsic, 1844 ; translated into English by William How- itt, under the title of " Natural History of Magic," 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1854), and Der MagnetUmus im Verhdltniss zur Natur und Religion (2d ed., Tubingen, 1853). ENNIS, a parliamentary and municipal bor- ough and market town of Ireland, capital of the county Clare, on the river Fergus, 20 m. N. W. of Limerick; pop. in 1871, 6,101. The town is irregularly built, and the ruins of an ancient Franciscan abbey, founded in 1240, form its only noticeable architectural feature. It has three bridges across the Fergus, manufactories of linen and flannel, a valuable limestone quarry, large flour mills, and considerable trade in agricultural produce. The Roman Catholic chapel of Ennis is considered the cathedral of the diocese of Killaloe. On the site of the old court house there is a monument to O'Connell with a colossal statue by Cahill. Near the town is a county lunatic asylum. ENNISCORTHY, a market town of Ireland, in the county and 13m. N. W. of the city of Wex- ford, on both banks of the river Slaney, and on the railway from Dublin to Wexford ; pop. in 1871, 5,804. The Slaney, which here becomes a deep and navigable stream, is crossed by a bridge of six arches. The town contains a castle, a large modern Roman Catholic church, built from the designs of Pugin, several Prot- estant churches, a woollen factory, flour mills, tan yards, and distilleries, two banks, and two newspapers. At the weekly markets much grain and agricultural produce is sold. Ennis- corthy was captured by Cromwell in 1649, and was stormed and burned in June, 1798, by the Irish rebels, who a few days later were com- pletely routed in the battle of Vinegar hill. ENNISKILLEN, a town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, capital of the county Fermanagh, 89 m. N. W. of Dublin ; pop. in 1871, 5,906. It is very picturesquely situated on an island connecting Upper and Lower Lough Erne, and on the adjoining mainland on both sides, which communicate with each other by two bridges. The town has a Roman Catholic and several Protestant churches, coun- ty buildings, and two barracks. It manufac- tures cutlery and straw hats, and there is a weekly market for flax, and others for butter and pork. Three newspapers are published. A railway, 32 m. long, connects the town with Bundoran, a favorite watering place on Done- gal bay, near Ballyshannon. The town is noted for the victory achieved here in July, 1689, by its Protestant volunteers, over a de- tachment of James II. ; and it has given its name to a regiment in the British service, which was originally raised from the defenders of the place. ENNIUS, Quintns, the father of Roman litera- ture, born at Ruditc, a village of Calabria, about 239 B. C., died in 169. He claimed de- scent from a mythical hero, the first settler in his country; and after he had learned the