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 G46 ENGLAND (LANGUAGE AND LITEEATUEE) names of Young, Sharpe, Birch, Goodwin, and Wilkinson on Egyptian subjects, of Rich, La- yard, Sayce, Hincks, Norris, Eawlinson, and George Smith on Babylonian and Assyrian, have attained distinction. The work of Ed- ward W. Lane on the " Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians " is unequalled as a minute and faithful delineation of an oriental people. In the study of Sanskrit and of Indian antiquities the most noted names are Sir Wil- liam Jones, Colebrooke, Muir, Wheeler, Wil- liams, Cunningham, Fergusson, Caldwell, and Max Milller. The eminent writers on religious subjects were Bishops Horsley, Watson, and Jebb, Joseph Priestley, William Paley, Andrew Fuller, Charles Simeon, Ralph Wardlaw, Thom- as Scott, William Wilberforce, Adam Clarke, and Hannah More. The " Tractarian " move- ment is an interesting department of eccle- siastical literature. Its chief promoters were John Keble, E. B. Pusey, J. H. Newman, and R. H. Froude. Very different phases of belief appeared at about the same time in the writings of Isaac Taylor, Henry Rogers, James Martineau, and William Cureton, while the views of English Roman Catholics were ex- pressed by Cardinal Wiseman, Archbishop Manning, F. W. Faber, and Kenelm Henry Digby. The most remarkable sermons have been those of Alison, Irving, Robert Hall, Chalmers, Robertson, and Spurgeon. The more distinguished writers upon the Bible are Kitto, Trench, Alford, Conybeare, Howson, Ellicott, Colenso, Westcott, Davidson, Henderson, Fair- bairn, and J. G. Murphy. Other religious wri- ters of importance are Peter Bayne, Tregelles, R. and C. J. Vaughan, Tulloch, Seeley, Maurice, and Robertson. In biographical works this period is peculiarly rich. The most popular and important of these are the lives of Nelson and Wesley by Southey ; of Sheridan and By- ron by Moore; of Petrarch and Mrs. Siddons by Campbell ; of Burke and Goldsmith by Pri- or ; of Goldsmith, Landor, Dickens, and the statesmen of the commonwealth by Forster; of Napoleon and the English novelists by Scott ; of British painters, sculptors, and architects by Allen Cunningham ; of the statesmen and men of letters and science of the reign of George III. by Brougham ; of the chancellors and chief justices of England by Lord Campbell; of British military commanders by Gleig ; of emi- nent statesmen and great commanders by James ; of eminent Scotsmen by Chambers ; of Conde by Mahon; of Howard, Blake, Penn, and Bacon by Hepworth Dixon ; of Napoleon by Hazlitt; of Sir Walter Scott by Lockhart; of Charles Lamb by Talfourd ; of Newton by Sir David Brewstcr ; of Campbell by Beattie ; of Mackintosh by his son; of Horner by his brother; of Sydney Smith by his daughter; of Charlotte Bronte by Mrs. Gaskell ; of Dr. Arnold by Stanley ; of Goethe by Lewes ; of Moore by Earl Russell ; of Chatterton by Wil- son; of Pope by Elwin; of Edward Irving by Mrs. Oliphant ; of Sir Joshua Reynolds by Taylor ; of George and Robert Stephenson by Smiles ; and lastly we may mention the mono- graphs of John Morley on Burke, Voltaire, and Rousseau, and the autobiographies of Lord Brougham, of Sir Henry Holland, and of Henry Crabb Robinson, and the " Memorials of a Quiet Life " by A. J. C. Hare. Among mis- cellaneous writers on literature, Isaac Disraeli, Sir Egerton Brydges, and John Foster became prominent near the beginning of the century. The number of books has often been increased by miscellaneous collections from the reviews, journals, and magazines, as the " Noctes Am- brosianse," from " Blackwood's Magazine," chiefly by Prof. Wilson; the "Essays" of Jef- frey and Sydney Smith, Macaulay and Carlyle, from the " Edinburgh Review ;" the witty pro- ductions of Douglas Jerrold, collected from u Punch ;" and many of the writings of Hazlitt and De Quincey. Cobbett and J. Wilson Croker acquired distinction as political pamphleteers, and the latter also by his vigorous and pungent articles in the " Quarterly Review." Frances Power Cobbe has attained a high reputation by her "Essays" and other writings on a va- riety of subjects. Among the notable works of the day may be mentioned Morell's "His- tory of Philosophy," Lecky's " History of Mor- als " and of " Rationalism," Maine's " Ancient Law," the duke of Argyll's "Reign of Law," Greg's " Enigmas of Life," and Baring-Gould's " Myths of the Middle Ages," " Origin and De- velopment of Religious Belief," and " Legends of the Patriarchs and Prophets." Important contributions have been made to English art literature by Lindsay, Eastlake, Leslie, Hazlitt, and especially by Mrs. Jameson, Ruskin, Tyr- whitt, and Hamerton. The principal meta- physical writers of the Scottish school were Thomas Reid, Dugald Stewart, Dr. Thomas Brown, and Sir William Hamilton. The more peculiar tendencies of the English mind ap- peared in Paley. Bentham wrote important works on jurisprudence ; Archbishop Whately on logic, political economy, and theology; J. Stuart Mill on logic, on liberty, and on polit- ical economy ; and Herbert Spencer has writ- ten voluminously on psychology, biology, social statics, and similar subjects. The best his- torical and critical works on the literature of England are : Wright's " Biographia Bri- tannica Literaria " (vol. i., the Anglo-Saxon period, 1842 ; vol. ii., the Anglo-Norman period, 1846) ; Warton's " History of English Poetry," extending to near the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign (3 vols., 1774-'81) ; Hallam'e " Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries" (1837-'9, with additional notes in later editions); Col- lier's " History of English Dramatic Poetry " (1831); Chambers's "Cyclopedia of English Literature " (2 vols., 1843-'4) ; Lowndes's " Bibliographer's Manual " (new ed. by Bohn, 6 vols., London, 1857-'64) ; Allibone's " Criti- cal Dictionary of English Literature " (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1858-73) ; Craik's " History of