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 ENGLAND (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE) 645 novel in the earlier part of our century was shown by the appearance of a crowd of writers of fiction, among whose works may be men- tioned the "Self-Control" and "Discipline" of Mrs. Brunton, the " Cottagers of Glen- burnie " of Elizabeth Hamilton, the " Hunga- rian Brothers " of Anna Maria Porter, the once highly popular " Thaddeus of Warsaw " and "Scottish Chiefs" of her sister Jane Porter, the " Cselebs in Search of a "Wife " of Hannah More, the " Wild Irish Girl " and the other national tales of Lady Morgan, the " Albi- genses," the "Fatal Revenge," and other ro- mantic fictions of Maturin, the " Frankenstein " and " Last Man " of Mrs. Shelley, the " Mar- riage," "Inheritance," and "Destiny" of Miss Ferrier, the " Annals of the Parish " and "Ayr- shire Legatees" of John Gait, the "Salathiel" of George Croly, the " Anastasius " of Hope, the "Valerius" and "Reginald Dalton" of Lockhart, the Scottish tales of Professor Wil- son, the eastern romances of Morier and Fraser, the " Sayings and Doings " and other novels of fashion of Theodore Hook, the " Cyril Thorn- ton " of Thomas Hamilton, the Irish stories of Banim, Crofton Croker, Griffin, Carleton, and Mrs. S. C. Hall, the sea stories of Capts. Marryat and Chamier, the "Tom Cringle's Log" and " Cruise of the Midge " of Michael Scott, the " De Vere " of Ward, containing a portraiture of Canning, the " Headlong Hall " and other humorous novels of Peacock, the " Brambletye House" and "Moneyed Man" of Horace Smith, the " Our Village " of Miss Mitford, the " Vic- tims of Society " and other tales of Lady Bless- ington, the fashionable novels of Mrs. Gore, the musical novels of Miss Sheppard, the " Deer- brook," the " Hour and the Man," and the po- litico-economical tales of Miss Martineau, the multitudinous novels of G. P. R. James, and the miscellaneous novels of Ains worth, Hannay, Borrow, Warren, Lever, and Lover, of Mrs. Trollope, Mrs. Bray, Mrs. Gaskell, Mrs. Marsh, Miss Sinclair, Mrs. Mulock-Craik, Julia Kav- anagh, and Lady Bulwer. Since the death of Scott the most eminent and popular of English novelists have been Bulwer, Dickens, Thack- eray, Disraeli, "Charlotte Bronte, and "George Eliot " (Mrs. Lewes). Of these, Disraeli and Mrs. Lewes are still living. Other living nov- elists of note are Anthony Trollope, Wilkie Collins, Charles Reade, Charles Kingsley, Thomas Hughes, George Macdonald, Justin McCarthy, B. L. Farjeon, William Black, J. S. Le Fanu, Mortimer Collins, Edmund Yates, Charles Gibbon, Mrs. Florence Marryat Church, Mrs. Oliphant, the baroness Tautphoeus, Miss Thackeray, Miss Yonge, Miss Braddon, Miss Amelia Edwards, Mrs. Elizabeth Charles, Miss De La Ram6 (Ouida), and Miss Rhoda Brough- ton. Within this period Mitford, Gillies, Thirl- wall, and Grote have produced elaborate gen- eral histories of Greece, Finlay has written on the later and Byzantine period of the Greeks, and St. John on the manners and customs of ancient Greece ; Sharon Turner, Godwin, Lin- gard, Palgrave, Mackintosh, Charles Knight, Lord_ Mahon, Miss Strickland, and Harriet Martineau have produced works on different periods of English history, and Hallam on the constitutional history of England, and on the history of Europe during the middle ages; and various histories have been written by Southey, Tytler, Coxe, Chalmers, Roscoe, Pinkerton, Dunlop, Mill, Mills, Napier, Milman, Crowe, Elphinstone, and Arnold. Carlyle's " French Revolution," "Oliver Cromwell," and "Fred- erick the Great " are distinguished for research and vigor of character painting. Alison's ' ' His- tory of Europe from 1789 to 1852 " gives the English tory view of events with fulness and vigor. Macaulay's " History of England from the Accession of James II." was early interrupt- ed by its author's death, but holds a very high place in historical literature by its brilliant style, vast research, and liberal tone. Buckle's " History of Civilization," another brilliant work, was also left incomplete by the prema- ture death of its author ; it made a strong im- pression by its novel and ingenious theories and heterodox views. Merivale's " History of the Romans " is a work of great learning, and fills satisfactorily the gap between Arnold and Gibbon. Froude's " History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada" is a work of original research and occasionally eloquent style, and throws much new light on the character of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth and of Mary queen of Scots. Glad- stone's " Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age " and " Juventus Mundi " are able and scholarly, and have at once a historical, criti- cal, political, and religious character. Raw- linson's "Herodotus" and "Ancient Monar- chies" are of high value. Useful manuals of history have been written by Rawlinson, Lid- dell, and William and Philip Smith. E. A, Freeman's " History of the Norman Conquest " and "Essays" on various points of history are original and suggestive. The recent era excels in narratives of travel, of which the most prominent are those of Mungo Park, Den- ham, Clapperton, Lander, Campbell, Burck- hardt, Belzoni, Alexander, Buckingham, Por- ter, Clarke, Mure, Forsyth, Eustace, Hobhouse, Holland, Dodwell, Gell, Beckford, Ross, Parry, Franklin, Beechey, Scoresby, Basil Hall, Inglis, Layard, Fellows, St. John, Fraser, Burnes, Bar- row, Harris, Head, Burton, Kinglake, Warbur- ton, Stanley, Atkinson, Oliphant, Trollope, Dilke, Dixon, Sala, Wallace, Baker, Speke, Reade, Palgrave, Cooper, Williamson, Alcock, and Livingstone. In scientific works the pres- ent century has been especially rich. The chief writers in its earlier half were Herschel, Brewster, Buckland, Davy, Whewell, Nichol, Prichard, John Pye Smith, and Hugh Miller. Among the most prominent of later days are Owen, Murohison, Lyell, Faraday, W. B. Car- penter, Huxley, Darwin, Mivart, Tyndall, Bas- tian, Gosse, Lubbock, Tylor, McLennan, Lock- yer, Proctor, and Grove. In archseology, the