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 EMIR erty is taken. The taking need not be by the sovereignty itself, but, under legislative author- ity, may be by corporations or individuals em- powered to construct works of public utility ; and in several of the United States it has been decided that the construction of mills and man- ufactories is so far a matter of public concern as to justify the appropriation of private prop- erty under the eminent domain to obtain the requisite water power. EMIR, or Amir, an Arabic title, meaning a prince or commander. The caliphs had the tile of emir al-mumenin, commander of the faithful ; and the Abbassides toward the latter part of their dynasty named their chief minis- ter emir al-omra, prince of the princes. This official presided over the council and com- manded the army. About 1588 Amurath III. appointed one of the Druse sheiks emir, with viceregal powers. In Persian mir is derived from emir, and hence mirzade, descendant of a prince, which has been corrupted to mirza. EMLYN, Thomas, an English clergyman, born in Stamford, May 27, 1663, died July 30, 1743. He was educated at Cambridge, and settled in 1691 in Dublin, where he gained great reputa- tion as a preacher. In 1697 he advanced doc- trines at variance with those of his congrega- tion, declaring the Father preeminent over the Son and Spirit, and thus reviving Arianism. The opposition which was excited against him obliged him to leave Ireland, and he published in England a " Vindication of the Worship of the Lord Jesus Christ on Unitarian Principles " (1706). This book brought upon him a prosecu- tion for blasphemy, and he was fined and con- demned to a year's imprisonment. He did not pay the fine, but remained in prison two years, and after his release preached to a congrega- tion of his friends in London. Besides his theo- logical works, he wrote " Memoirs of the Life and Sentiments of Dr. Samuel Clarke " (1731). EMMANUEL, Emannel, or Immanuel, a Hebrew word signifying " God with us." It is used by Isaiah in a prophecy which according to Mat- thew was accomplished in Jesus Christ, who is thus divinely recognized as the predicted Mes- siah, the true Immanuel, or " God with us." EMMENA60GUES, drugs used to promote the menstrual function. No drug has the power to do this directly and independently of the efforts of nature. Some medicines, such as aloes and other cathartics, produce a congestion in the neighborhood of the uterus which may be shared by this organ. Local warmth has a similar effect. Savin, tansy, rue, and to a less degree other aromatics, act as general stimulants, and under favorable circumstances assist the natu- ral function. But tonics, and especially iron, are in many cases of much greater use than any of these. The local application of electri- city is often of service. The name emmenagogue is in some classifications made to include ergot and other drugs which have no effect upon the secretions of the uterus. Certain emmena- gogues are used as abortifacients, but for- EMMET 583 tunately are but little to be relied upon for this purpose. Ergot alone is inefficient as an abor- tifacient. Tansy and savin are not only dan- gerous, but frequently fail to produce abortion, even when they destroy the life of the mother. The root of the cotton plant (gossypium) has been much used in the southern states for the purpose of regulating and promoting the cata- menial discharge, and when properly adminis- tered is not without value for this object. Whenever there is local disease of the ovaries or uterus, which disturbs and checks the men- strual function, the best emmenagogue is an appropriate local treatment. EMMERICH, a town of Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, 5 m. N". E. of Cleves ; pop. in 1871, 7,817. It is the nearest Prussian town to Holland, on the railway connecting Cologne with Amsterdam, and here the baggage of travellers is inspected by the custom-house officials. The minster is the oldest church in that part of the Rhine country. Woollens, hosiery, linens, hats, and other goods are manufactured, and there is an active shipping trade. EMMET, a N". county of Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan and the straits of Mackinaw ; area, about 700 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,211. It is indented by numerous bays. The chief productions in 1870 were 4,452 bushels of In- dian corn, 5,972 of oats, and 40,730 Ibs. of maple sugar. Capital, Little Traverse. (See EMMETT.) EMMET. I. Robert, an Irish revolutionist, born in Dublin in 1780, hanged in the same city, Sept. 20, 1803. He gained high honors at Trinity college, from which he was ultimately expelled for avowing himself a republican. He joined the association of United Irishmen, whose object was to separate Ireland from Great Britain and to establish an independent republic, and he was implicated in the rebel- lion of 1798. After the failure of this attempt he escaped to France, returned secretly to Dublin in 1802, reorganized the malcontents, established various depots of powder and fire- arms in different parts of the city, and fixed upon July 23, 1803, as the time to seize the castle and arsenals of Dublin. On the evening of that day he directed the distribution of pikes among the assembled conspirators, to whom he delivered an animated harangue. The insurgent band, marching with cheers into the principal street, and swelling into an immense and furi- ous mob, assassinated Chief Justice Kilwarden, who was passing by in his carriage ; but they hesitated to follow their enthusiastic leader to the castle, and dispersed at the first volley from a small party of soldiers. Emmet escaped to the Wicklow mountains. After the failure of the first blow he checked the other movements which had been projected, husbanding his re- sources in the hope of soon renewing the re- volt. He might have evaded the pursuit of the government, but an attachment for Miss Cur- ran, the daughter of the celebrated barrister, induced him to return to Dublin to bid her 1