Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/586

 578 EMIGKATION seen, is entirely without system or organiza- tion, and the emigrant is wholly unrestrained as soon as he reaches his destination. The emigration from China, however, is controlled by men of large capital, who engage in it as a traffic. A contract is made with the emi- grants in their native country by which they mortgage their future earnings to secure the cost of passage and other expenses, and which binds them to a specified term of service after arrival in this country. In many instances the Chinaman gives a mortgage on his wife and children, with a stipulation that at the end of his term of service he is to be brought back to China by his contractor. This contract is sold or transferred to an agent in the United States at an advance, and is thus a source of great profit to the dealer. The agent contracts for the labor of the Chinese in any part of the United States. Perhaps the most prominent contractor of this kind has been Mr. Koopman- schap, who sought to introduce Chinese labor under this system into the southern states and other parts of the United States. The contract made in China has no validity in the United States, but it has always been strictly observed by both parties. The following ta- ble, from the census of 1870, exhibits the dis- tribution by states and territories of the lead- ing nationalities in the United States : STATES AND TERRITORIES. ii If British America. I Ireland. 1 1 1 Switzerland. i fl - f! Total of the U'd States. Total of the states.... 88,555,988 5,566,546 493,464 550,924 1,855,779 140,835 74,533 116,402 1,690,588 46,802 75,158 211,578 88,118,258 5,472,846 487,605 528,990 1,838,678 136,846 71,907 115,040 1,679,146 46,501 78,972 206,568 996,992 484,471 560,247 537,544 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,680,637 1,191,792 364,899 1,321,011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,922 1.721,295 122,993 42,491 818,800 906,096 4,882,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,923 8,521,791 217,353 705,606 1,258,520 818,579 330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054,670 9,962 5,026 209,831 113,639 9,136 4,967 11,127 515,198 141,474 204,057 48,392 63,398 61,827 48.881 83,412 853,319 268,010 160,697 11,191 222,267 80,748 18,801 29,611 188,943 1,188,353 8,029 872,498 11,600 545,261 55,396 8,074 19,316 62.411 47,155 18,754 17,091 864,499 188 842 10,660 10,861 112 174 247 82,550 4J65 17,905 5,324 1,082 712 26,788 644 70,055 89,590 16,698 875 8,448 2,635 2,865 12,955 2,474 79,042 171 12,988 1,187 10,022 10,242 77 587 597 28,544 327 207 25,664 1,041 526 17,699 13,001 1,421 899 1,088 58,871 9,945 16,660 6,161 2,811 2,797 3,650 4.868 34,085 85,047 5.672 1,031 14.314 8,602 2,547 2,687 26,674 110,003 500 36,553 1,344 69,668 9,285 616 2,085 2,087 1,946 1,909 1,811 28,192 8,898 1,428 64,421 70,630 5,907 787 5,093 120,162 28,698 40,124 10,940 21,642 17,068 15,745 28,630 216,120 42,018 21,746 8,359 54,983 4.999 5,035 12,190 86,784 528,806 677 82,674 1967 235,750 31,534 3,262 8.048 4,081 14,080 5,191 6,832 48,479 458 156 4,949 8,288 229 144 420 15,737 2,507 6,248 1,531 1,019 814 998 2,432 9,003 ! 8,552 2.194 434 3,283 792 680 892 6,710 27,282 420 7,819 894 16,846 1,948 810 555 621 1,240 705 746 6,590 89 24 1,517 288 43 6 61 8,146 556 1,967 1,021 847 114 279 994 576 558 944 25 1,524 220 801 27 804 7,857 10 12,939 63 27,633 66 15 814 55 565 148 821 6,550 594 287 8,068 821 127 126 812 10,911 6,363 8,130 1,274 2,057 12,341 187 649 1,629 3,121 1,748 630 6,293 340 414 60 3,180 22,302 54 12,781 808 8,695 167 148 562 2,232 98 869 223 2,704 2,482 1,563 29,701 12,443 1,142 597 2,761 208,758 78,060 66,162 12,775 80,818 18,933 508 47,045 18,072 64,148 41.864 2,960 113,618 10,954 2,181 436 54,001 316,902 904 182,897 1,875 160,146 1,201 2,754 4,539 23,976 870 4,050 6.232 162,314 14 71 452 99 16 7 42 4,180 878 4,513 800 270 232 26 286 480 12,559 1,855 85 1,167 180 44 5 2,944 6,426 13 2,018 89 819 45 82 100 54 20 231 174 5,990 168 104 2,927 492 83 14 103 8,980 4,287 3,987 1,328 1,147 878 9 297 491 2,116 2,162 266 6,597 598 247 11 2,061 7,916 80 12,727 160 5,765 74 45 802 599 19 148 825 6,069 126 154 2,944 395 9 46 49 41,869 8,803 28,852 5,542 128 434 149 118 21,608 8,922 56,927 1,048 2,599 2,858 297 97 644 6,497 48 816 281 2,881 128 61 886 767 117 47 6 42,845 California .. Connecticut. Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland. . .. Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total of the territories. Arizona 442,730 94,200 5,859 21,934 17,101 3,989 2,626 1,262 11,887 241 1,181 5,015 9,658 89,864 14,181 181,700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 5,809 6,599 4,815 16,254 7,855 7,979 5,620 80,702 5,024 8,518 142 753 906 290 334 1,172 125 687 1.121 329 184 1,358 248 1,422 540 692 120 16,073 791 656 495 1,685 888 8,218 986 1,685 543 502 1,047 1,102 64 188 77 852 114 28 36 2,891 309 260 8 165 8 29 385 197 9 1,7&3 44 58 69 209 67 238 144 193 124 63 113 57 379 1,456 565 4,018 599 1,288 582 858 645 652 11 17 8 28 9 18 8 122 25 5 23 140 88 175 52 97 42 509 60 60 14 220 "3 152 229 11 2,403 262 187 Colorado . Dakota District of Columbia Idaho.... Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming The variance in the magnitude of the emigra- tion to the United States in different periods presents results of great interest and impor- tance, and points to the causes that increase- or diminish the movement from foreign countries. Chief among these causes are war, political troubles, famine, commercial panics, and other influences which produce distress at home or an unfavorable condition of affairs in the coun- try to which emigration is directed. The most