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 50 DKTMOLD and IT <?e la volonte (1815) applies .mil iv.-ults of our actii-ns. diM'ereiit parts of his ^system he at'ter- .- nr rH*i>rit ili-it //.< ho sent (before its publi- translated it f..r a college text book (pub- in Philadelphia, 1811). Among his other wi.rks an- (j>u-U sont le* moyens de l,i morale chez un. peuple f (Paris, 1798), and Observation sur le systeme actuel de ^instruction publique (1801). II. Alexandre (-*ar Vlrtor Charles, marquis de Tracy, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Sept. 9, 1781, died at Paray-le-Fresil, Allier, March 13, 1864. He served in Napoleon's campaigns, became col- onel in 1814, and retired in 1820. He was afterward for many years member of the cham- ber of deputies, distinguishing himself as an earnest liberal, and was minister of marine under Louis Napoleon from December, 1848, to October, 1849, when he joined the opposi- tion. He protested against the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, and retired to his estate at Paray. He was the author of Lettres sur la vie rurale (1861 ; previously published as Lettres sur 'iffnre, 1857). III. Sarah Newton, mar- chioness de Tracy, wife of the preceding, born at Stockport, England, Nov. 30, 1789, died at Paray-le-Fresil, Oct. 26, 1850. She was great- grand-niece of Sir Isaac Newton, and was brought to France in 1790. At the time of her marriage with the marquis de Tracy (1816) she was the widow of Gen. Letort. Wishing to settle her religious convictions, she acquired a knowledge of patristic Latin, and left writings which were published after her death, under the title of Essais divers, lettres et pensees de Mme. de Tracy (3 vols., 1852-'6), only 150 copies being printed. in. I MLI, a city of Germany, capital of the principality of Lippe-Detmold, on the right bank of the river Werre, 46 m. S. W. of Hanover ; Pp. in 1871, 6,469. The old portion of the town is very poorly built ; the new is regularly laid out and well built. It is surrounded by a wall pierced by three gates, and contains a fine palace of ancient date. It has a gymnasium, a normal school, a female high school, a large .ihrary, and OIK- of the best poorhouses in Germany. The manufactures are chiefly of r, woollens, liiu-n. and beer ; and there are marble and gypsum quarries. Near the town was fought tin- buttle in which Arminius de- i the Ilonian army under Varus. A. D. 9 ; -<>a battle between Charlemagne and the Saxon ~ rrncr is commemorated 4r, ft. hi-h on a pedestal of solid sandstone 9 ft. hiirh. erected by the Ger- man princea in 1838. I>III:<IM ! "arrows), a port ot entry and the chief ,-ity ,,f Midu^n, capital i.'ited on the N. W. side of r, about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair and 18 m. from Lake Erie, 80 m. E S E of DETROIT Lansing 225 m. W. by S. of Buffalo, and 250 m. E. by N. of Chicago ; lat. 42 20' N., Ion. 82 68' W. The city extends along the bank of the river about 7 m., and is built up for about 2 m. from the water. For at least 6 m. the river front is lined with mills, dry docks, ship yards, founderies, grain elevators, railway depots, and warehouses. The ground on which the prin- cipal part of the city is built rises gradually from the river to the height of from 20 to 30 ft., at a distance of 15 to 30 rods from the shore; it then sinks slightly, and again rises gradually to the height of 40 to 50 ft. above the river. The river here is about m. wide, and has an average depth of about 32 ft., and a velocity of about 2 m. an hour. It gives to the city the best harbor on the great lakes. Fort Wayne, about a mile below, commands the channel. Belle Isle, at the head of the river, is a favorite resort for picnics. Grosse Pointe, projecting into Lake St. Clair a few miles above the city, is noted for its cherry orchards, and is the terminus of a beautiful drive. Grosse Isle, near Lake Erie, contains many fine resi- dences. Put-in-Bay island, in the lake, near the mouth of the river, famous as the scene of Perry's victory, Sept. 10, 1813, has become a summer resort. The population of Detroit has been as follows: in 1810, 770; 1820, 1,442; 1830, 2,222; 1840, 9,102; 1850, 21,019; 1860, 45,619; 1870, 79,577, of whom 35,381 were foreign born and 2,235 colored. Of the for- eigners, 12,647 were natives of Germany, 7,724 of British America, 6,970 of Ireland, 3,284 of England, 1,637 of Scotland, and 670 of France. There were 4,969 persons, 10 years old and over, who could not write, of whom 4,117 were foreigners. There were 15,636 families and 14,688 dwellings. Detroit is laid out upon two plans: the one, that of a circle with avenues radiating from the Grand Circus as a centre ; the other, that of streets crossing each other at right angles ; the result of which is a slight intricacy in certain quarters, and a num- ber of small triangular parks. The avenues are generally 100, 120, or 200 ft. wide. The streets vary in width from 50 to 100 ft., and are for the most part abundantly shaded with trees. The principal streets are Jefferson avenue, parallel with the river; Woodward avenue, which crosses the former at right angles, and divides the city into two nearly equal parts ; and Fort street, Michigan avenue, Grand River avenue, and Gratiot street, at various angles with Woodward avenue. West Fort street and Lafayette avenue are handsome streets. The Grand Circus, the principal park, is semicircular, and is divided by Woodward avenue into two quadrants, each containing a fountain. The Campus Martins, about m. from the Grand Circus, is an open space 600 ft. long and 250 ft. wide, which is crossed by Woodward and Michigan avenues, and from which radiate Monroe avenue and Fort street. Facing the Campus Martius on the west is the new city hall, a handsome structure 200 ft. long, 90 ft.
 * si7-'18). His Commentairt
 * ,, President Jefferson, who