Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/565

 EMANUEL emblematic of their name, compounded of els, alder, and vuur, fire. EMANUEL, an E. county of Georgia, bounded N. by the Ogeechee river, and S. W. by Pen- dleton's creek ; area, about 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,134, of whom 1,703 were colored. The principal streams which intersect it are the Great Ohoopee and the Cannouchee. It has a level surface, and a sandy, unproductive soil. Timber is abundant. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 103,705 bushels of Indian corn, 21,399 of oats, 24,353 of sweet potatoes, and 1,376 bales of cotton. There were 1,094 horses, 4,013 milch cows, 11,167 other cattle, 14,988 sheep, and 15,464 swine ; 4 saw mills and 1 cotton factory. Capital, Swainsborough. EMANUEL (Port. MANOEL) I., king of Portu- gal, called the Great, and the Happy, born May 3, 1469, ascended the throne upon the death of John II., in 1495, and died in Lisbon, Dec. 13, 1521. He was the son of Duke Fer- dinand of Viseu, grandson of King Edward of Portugal, nephew of Alfonso V., and cousin of John II. His father, accused of conspiracy against John II., was slain by the latter with his own hand. Emanuel, bearing the title of duke of Beja, was educated in Spain, where in 1497 he married Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and heiress to the crown of Cas- tile. She died in 1498, and Emanuel mar- ried Donna Maria, her sister, two years later. He received the kingdom in a state of pros- perity, and by his activity and sagacity raised Portugal to her most brilliant point of power and glory. He signalized the beginning of his reign by pursuing with an ardor surpassing that of all his predecessors the long-sought passage by sea to India. Mainly under his patronage were made the voyages of Vasco da Gama, Al- buquerque, and Pedro Alvarez de Cabral ; in his reign Goa became a Portuguese settlement, and Brazil, the Moluccas, &c., were discov- ered ; the commerce of the Indies was opened to Portugal, wealth accumulated, and a spirit of enterprise took possession of the nation, which could now boast of a brilliant succession of navigators and generals. Less successful were his efforts for conquest in Morocco, where dearly purchased victories secured no lasting gain. He devoted himself to the Roman Catholic church, sent missionaries with all his fleets to convert whatsoever people they might discover, and sought to reform the character of the Portuguese ecclesiastics. He banished the Jews and Moors, and introduced the in- quisition. He ruled 20 years without con- vening the cortes, published a code of laws, and succeeded in remaining at peace with all Europe. He was a patron of men of letters, and himself the author of memoirs of the In- dies. His second wife, Maria, died in 1517, and in 1519 he married Eleonora of Austria, sister of Charles Y. EMBALMING, the process of preserving animal bodies from corruption by introducing antisep- tic substances into the spaces left vacant by the EMBALMING 557 removal of the internal parts. The art was extensively practised by the ancient Egyptians, and the mummies found at this day in their sepulchres, where they have lain for 3,000 years or more, testify to the perfection it had reached in those remote periods. Reptiles and other animals were held sacred and worthy of embalming ; therefore when, in addition to the countless bodies of human beings still to be found in the places where they were deposited, are reckoned the millions of dogs, apes, croco- diles, cats, ibises, bulls, rams, foxes, asps, and other animals, of more than 50 species in all, it is a matter of wonder whence were obtain- ed all the resins, drugs, and spices which are described as essential to the process. After Egypt became a Roman province the art con- tinued to be practised, and was adopted to some extent by the Romans themselves. Among other races also the same practice has in for- mer times prevailed, or at least a modification of it designed to produce a similar result ; such, for example, as drying the bodies of the dead. This was probably the custom of the Guanches, the former inhabitants of the Canary islands. In the great temple of the sun at Cuzco bodies of the incas and of their queens have been found, clothed in their former princely attire, seated upon chairs of gold, their heads inclined downward, covered with raven-black or silver- gray hair, and their hands placidly crossed over their bosoms. Exposure of the bodies to the exceedingly dry and cold air of the mountain- ous region, it was thought by Garcilaso, was sufficient to preserve these bodies without re- course to the artificial processes adopted by the Egyptians. These have been particularly described by Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, and the accounts of the former especially have been regarded by most authorities as present- ing an exact exposition of them. Some, how- ever, question the adequacy of the processes thus given to account for the results, and state that modern experimenters fail entirely of success in endeavoring to perform the operation by their instructions. The account given by Herodotus (ii. 86) is as follows : " There are a set of men in Egypt who practise the art of embalming, and make it their proper business. These persons, when a body is brought to them, show the bearers various models of corpses made in wood, and painted so as to resemble nature. The most perfect is said to be after the manner of him [Osiris] whom I do not think it religious to name in connection with such a matter; the second sort is inferior to the first, and less cost- ly; the third is the cheapest of all. All this the embalmers explain, and then ask in which way it is wished that the corpse should be prepared. The bearers tell them, and having concluded their bargain, take their departure, while the embalmers, left to themselves, proceed to their task. The mode of embalming, according to the most perfect process, is the following : They take first a crooked piece of iron and with it draw -out the brain through the nostrils, thus