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 550 ELLWANGEN ELM which ratified that instrument. He was a sen- ator of the United States from 1789 to 1796, when he was nominated by Washington chief justice of the supreme court of the United States, over which he presided with great dis- tinction, his opinions being marked by sound legal and ethical principles, in clear and felici- tous language. In 1799 he was appointed by President Adams envoy extraordinary to Paris, and with his associates, Davie and Murray, he successfully negotiated a treaty with the French. This accomplished, and his health be- ginning to fail, he visited England for the bene- fit of its mineral waters; but his infirmities increasing, he resigned his office of chief justice in 1800. Returning to Connecticut, he was again elected a member of the council ; and in 1807 he was appointed chief justice of the state, which office he declined on account of his health. II. William Wolcott, son of the pre- ceding, born in Windsor, Nov. 10, 1791, died in Hartford, Jan. 15, 1868. He graduated at Yale college in 1810, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. From 1829 to 1833 he was a representative in congress; from 1838 to 1842 governor of Connecticut; and from 1847 to 1861 judge of the supreme court of that state. ELLWANGM, a town of Wurtemberg, situated on the Jaxt, 55 m. N. E. of Stuttgart ; pop. in 1867, 3,895, of whom about 700 are Protestants. It is the seat of the government of the circle of Jaxt, and has several schools and charitable in- stitutions. The manufactures were formerly insignificant, but are growing in importance. Until 1802 it was the capital of the sovereign Benedictine provost of Ellwangen, who had a territory of about 140 sq. m. and an income of 120,000 florins. Near the town are the cas- tle of Hohen-EUwangen and a famous pilgrims' church. ELLWOOD, Thomas, an English Quaker minis- ter, a friend of Milton, born in Crowell, Oxford- shire, in 1639, died March 1, 1713. At an early age he attached himself to the society of Friends, thereby giving great offence to his father; but neither blows nor persuasions could induce him to renounce his new senti- ments, to take off his hat before his parents, or to address them with other pronouns than "thou" and "thee." He was the author of numerous controversial works, the most con- siderable of which is his " Sacred History of the Old and New Testaments " (1705-'9). He wrote a poem entitled "Davideis" (1712), of which King David was the hero, and also left "Memoirs of his own Life " (1714). But he is chiefly known from the circumstance that he was one of those selected by the poet Milton to read to him after the loss of his sight. Du- ring the raging of the plague in London in 1665 he obtained a retreat for Milton at Chalfont, and there he is said first to have suggested the idea of the " Paradise Regained." ELM, a tree of the natural order ulmacece, which embraces some of the noblest and most important species in the United States. All the plants belonging to this family have sim- ple, rough, serrate, unequalrsided leaves ; flow- ers small, in bunches on the side of the twigs ; the fruit either a winged samara or a drupe. Three genera of ulmacea are found within the limits of the United States. The most conspic- uous of these is ulmus, of which we especial- ly notice the white or American elm ( U. Ame- ricana, Linn.). No tree can surpass this in the beauty of its proportions. In old trees espe- cially, from the wide-spreading, buttress-like roots to the wider spreading branches, the curvature is beautiful and graceful in the ex- treme. Situation seems, however, to give va- riety to the outline. In wet pastures or simi- lar moist places, it sends up a tall, slender trunk, crowned with a few pendent limbs, and clothed nearly from the ground with a feathery investment of small branches, which are scarce- ly more than leafy bunches of twigs, and pre- sents a most graceful and striking appearance. The rapidity of its growth adapts it to arti- American Elm (Ulmus Americana). ficial planting where shade is soon needed. Hardy to an unusual degree, it is a great fa- vorite with the tree planter, and is found from Hudson bay to Georgia. The wood of the white elm is used for making hubs of wheels, and is preferred for that purpose to any other native wood. Yokes are made of it, and near the coast ship blocks are constructed of its timber. The white elm grows readily from seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe, and may be gathered in almost any desirable quantity from the ground under the trees, fall- ing as early as June. The seeds should be very slightly covered, and the young plants will rise in a few weeks, when they should be watched and weeded, and in succeeding sea- sons should be thinned out and transplanted to insure well formed trees. In transplanting large and vigorous young specimens found where they have appeared spontaneously, it is necessary to secure as many of the fibrous