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 DERVISH DERWENTWATER 33 actual practices are often far from consistent with their professed standard. Some of them lead a vagrant life, and traverse all the coun- tries of the East from the Mediterranean to the Ganges, being lodged and fed in the con- vents of their order ; and they are occasionally met in European cities, playing the part of jugglers, sorcerers, and mountebanks. They wear coarse robes and go bare-legged and with the breast uncovered, and the use of intoxi- cating liquors and of opium is said to be com- mon among them. The most numerous sect are the Mevlevis, or whirling dervishes, whose principal monastery is at Konieh in Anatolia. Their ceremonies consist chiefly of fantastic dances, in which they whirl around with great rapidity to the sound of a flute, stopping sud- denly when the music ceases, or continuing until they drop from exhaustion. They do this in memory of their founder, Mevlevi Jelal Turkish Dervishes. ed-Din el-Rumi, the Persian poet, who died about 1262. He is said to have turned mirac- ulously around for four days without food or nourishment, while his companion Hamza played the flute. The Rufais, or howling der- vishes, sway their bodies backward and for- ward until they foam at the mouth and fall to the ground, vociferously ejaculating meanwhile the name of Allah and incoherent phrases. They are distinguished also for self-mortifica- tion. Their founder was Sheikh Ahmed Rufai, and they date from 1182. The Calenders are noticeable for their peculiar dress, which is sometimes parti-colored, and sometimes con- sists of only a sheepskin about the loins, while the upper part of the body is painted fantas- tically. There are older orders, but none of equal importance, and some that have various peculiarities of doctrine. The Munasihis be- lieve in the transmigration of souls ; the Esh- rakis are given to a kind of poetical mys- ticism, seeing divinity in forms, colors, and sounds ; and the Hairetis hold opinions almost equivalent to those of the ancient Epicureans. Religious orders similar to the dervishes are traced in the East beyond the Christian era, and tradition assigns many of the existing brotherhoods to the earliest days of Islam, the foundation of some being attributed to the caliphs Abubekr and Ali ; but it is doubtful if any of them are older than the 9th century. The Marabouts among the Mohammedans of the Barbary states are similar to the dervishes. DERWENT, the name of several rivers of England. I. A river of Cumberland, 32 m. long, rising in the district of Borrowdale, and flowing N. and then S. W. into the Irish sea, which it enters near Workington. It forms the cataract of Lodore near its head waters, and the lake of Der went water near Keswick, where it is joined by the Greta; expands into Bassenthwaite water at the town of that name, and receives the river Cocker at Cockermouth. Its banks abound in rich and varied scenery. II. A river of Derbyshire, rising in a place called "the trough," in the mountains which extend along the 1ST. boundary of the county, and uniting with the Trent on the borders of Leicestershire, after a course of about 50 m. Its general course is S. E. It passes Chats- worth house and the towns of Matlock, Belper, and Derby. Its scenery, particularly in the upper part, is beautifully diversified. III. A river of Yorkshire, East Riding, rising near Harwood dale, flowing nearly S. with many windings, and falling into the Ouse at Barmby, after a course of about 60 m. It is navigable to Malton, 27 m. above its mouth. DERWMT, a river of Tasmania, rising near the centre of the island in Lake St. Claire, flowing S. E. into the district of Norfolk, and entering the S. Pacific ocean through an estu- ary which separates the districts of Hobart Town and Richmond. The estuary is about 4 m. broad at its entrance, and retains this width for a distance of 6 or 8 m. inland. On Iron Pot island at its mouth is a lighthouse with a fixed light 70 ft. above the sea. DERWENTWATER, James Radcliffe, third earl of, a leader in the English rebellion of 1715, born in 1689, beheaded Feb. 24, 1716. He be- longed to an ancient Catholic family in North- umberland, was educated at St. Germain, and succeeded to the earldom in 1705. He joined with other noblemen of the north and west of England, toward the end of 1714, in a plot for the restoration of the Stuarts. The matter coming to the knowledge of the government of George L, the habeas corpus act was suspended and warrants were issued against the suspected. The standard of rebellion having been raised in Scotland, Lord Derwentwater commenced the movement in England, Oct. 6, 1715. Mr. Forster, a Protestant member of parliament for Cumberland, was chosen leader, but recruits came in slowly, and the plans of the leaders