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 DERBYSHIRE until he succeeded to the peerage. After his return in 1850 he made an able speech in the house of commons on the condition and admin- istration of the sugar colonies. He next made a visit to the East, and while in India, in March, 1852, was appointed under secretary for for- eign affairs in his father's first administration. In 1853 he submitted a plan for the reform of the administration of India, more thorough than that contemplated by the existing minis- try, and foreshadowing that adopted in 1858. Though he was a conspicuous member of the conservative party, Lord Palmerston offered him a place in the cabinet in 1855, which he declined. He became secretary for the colo- nies in the second Derby cabinet in 1858, and on the resignation of Lord Ellenborough in May became president of the board of control, with the title of her majesty's commissioner for the affairs of India. The transfer of the management of Indian affairs from the East India company to the officers of the crown was effected under his direction, and he became the first secretary of state for India. In the third administration of Lord Derby, in 1866, he be- came secretary of state for foreign affairs, and conducted with marked success the negotiations for the settlement of the Luxemburg difficulty. He went out of office on the accession of Mr. Gladstone in December, 1868, and on April 1, 1869, was installed lord rector of the university of Glasgow. On the death of his father in October, 1869, he took his seat in the house of lords, of which he became one of the most in- fluential members. In 1870 he married the dowager marchioness of Salisbury, and on Feb. 20, 1874, resumed the direction of foreign af- fairs as a member of Mr. Disraeli's cabinet. DERBYSHIRE, a central county of England, bordering on Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lei- cestershire, Staffordshire, and Cheshire ; length 56 m., greatest breadth 34 m. ; area, 1,030 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 380,558. Capital, Derby. The county is level or moderately hilly, abounding in fine scenery, fertile, well culti- vated, and rich in minerals. It is watered by the Derwent, Trent, Dove, Wye, Erewash, and Rother. The S. and E. parts produce wheat, barley, and other kinds of grain ; the N. part, where the surface is more hilly and the cli- mate colder, is occupied chiefly by oat fields and pastures. The elevated region called the High peak or Derbyshire highlands, consisting of a succession of bleak hills, some of which rise nearly 2,000 ft. above the sea, interspersed with narrow valleys, is famous for its romantic scenery. The climate is rather cold and moist, thick fogs and even hoar frost not being un- common in summer. Dairy husbandry is car- ried on in nearly all parts of the county, and among the hills small sheep and a breed of light, slender horses are reared. Among the minerals are coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, gypsum, black and variegated marble, fluor spar, small crystals called Derbyshire diamonds, chalcedony, jasper, and a few onyxes. The 259 VOL. vi. 3 DERG 31 coal field covers a large area, and belongs to the same great field which extends over part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and part of Nottinghamshire. Mining is an important in- terest, and there are extensive founderies and forges in the large towns. The lead mines have been worked on lease from time immemo- rial, and are the subjects of several very an- cient and peculiar laws. The county is trav- ersed by a large number of canals and rail- ways. The manufactures are important, and comprise cotton, silk, calico, cambric, fustian, muslin, tape, candle wicks, machinery, agri- cultural implements, leather, hats, paper, and porcelain. The first cotton mill was built by Richard Arkwright at Cromford in 1771, and the county was also the cradle of the silk and woollen manufactures of the kingdom. In the mountain district are numerous tepid mineral springs, which are resorted to by in- valids, especially those of Buxton and Matlock. There are in the county numerous remains of the circles and cromlechs of the druids, various relics of the Roman domination, such as roads and baths, and ruins of many medieval cas- tles, abbeys, and monasteries. DERBYSHIRE SPAR, a variety of fluor spar found in Derbyshire, England, which is dis- tinguished by its fine shades of purple, blue, red, and yellow. These, together with the soundness of the stone, render it well adapted for ornamental purposes. The manufacture of cups, tables, vases, inkstands, and other ob- jects, is extensively carried on in several towns of the county, as at Derby, Buxton, Castleton, and Bakewell. The stone takes a high polish for one so soft ; but the property which ren- ders it easy to be worked makes it liable to be soon defaced by scratches. It is found near Castleton in fissures in the limestone rocks. DERFFLINGER, Geoi von (originally DORP- LING), a German soldier, born in Bohemia in March, 1606, died Feb. 4, 1695. At the age of 14 he fought in the Protestant army at the battle of Prague, and some ten years later en- tered the Swedish army as an officer under Gus- tavus Adolphus. His conduct in the Swedish victory at Leipsic, 1642, gained him the rank of major general. Afterward he entered the service of the elector of Brandenburg as lieutenant general, and distinguished .himself against the Poles, Swedes, and French. In 1670 he became field marshal, and in 1674 baron of the German empire ; routed the Swedes near Rathenau, June 15, 1675, and at Fehrbellin three days afterward, and secured the greater portion of Pomerania for the elec- tor. In 1678 he was made military governor of lower Pomerania ; and in the winter cam- paign of 1678-'9 he caused 9,000 soldiers and 30 guns to cross the ice on sleds as far as Tilsit, and routed the Swedes near the latter city. DERG, Longh (red lake), a lake in the county Donegal, Ireland, about 7 m. E. S. E. of Done- gal, 3 m. long, and 2 m. wide at the broadest part. It is enclosed on all sides except the