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 DUTROCHET DUVAL 333 parts hilly. Fishkill river and Wappinger's creek supply water power, which is employed in a number of mills. Much of the soil is best adapted to grazing, but the cultivated portions are carefully improved and very fertile. Lime- stone, slate, marble, iron, and lead are the most important minerals. It has great facilities for communication by means of the Hudson river, the Hudson River and Harlem railroads, which intersect it, and the Dutchess and Columbia and the Poughkeepsie and Eastern railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 87,921 bushels of wheat, 174,194 of rye, 509,008 of Indian corn, 700,100 of oats, 403,687 of pota- toes, 136,554 tons of hay, 1,232,252 Ibs. of butter, and 135,275 of wool. There were 10,- 397 horses, 27,209 milch cows, 16,732 other cattle, 35,422 sheep, and 13,540 swine; 19 iron works, 7 woollen mills, 1 cloth-printing establishment, 32 flour mills, 7 breweries, 7 tanneries, 7 currying establishments, 9 manu- factories of agricultural implements, 7 of bricks, 6 of carpets, 27 of carriages and wag- ons, 11 of barrels and casks, 3 of cotton goods, 1 of dye stuffs, 2 of hats and caps, 1 of rubber goods, 5 of machinery, 10 of sashes, doors, and blinds, 20 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 20 of tobacco and cigars, and many others; in all there were 866 manufacturing establish- ments, with an aggregate capital of $6,604,866. Capital, Poughkeepsie. DUTROCHET, Rene Joachim Henri, a French physiologist, born at Neon, Poitou, Nov. 14, 1776, died in Paris, Feb. 4, 1847. His family was rich and noble ; but its property having been confiscated during the revolution, he studied medicine in Paris, and served in the army as physician in the Spanish campaigns of 1808-'9. The rest of his life he passed chiefly on his estate in Touraine. He published re- searches upon the formation of the eggs in birds and fowls, the gradual unfolding of the allautois in the incubated egg, the increase of the young as the albumen diminishes, the structure and growth of feathers, the envel- opes of the foetus of mammalia and of the hu- man foetus, and the growth of vegetables and insects. His most remarkable achievement was the discovery of endosmosis in 1828, and in that year he published Recherches sur Ven- dosm,ose et Vexosmose. His principal writings were collected in 1837" under the title of Me- moirs pour servir d Vhistoire anatomique et pJiysiologique des vegetaux et des animaux ; and in 1842 he published Recherches physiques sur la force epiplo'ique, DUTTEEAH, a town of India, capital of a state of the same name in the district of Bundelcund, lat. 25 40' N., Ion. 78 31' E. ; pop. over 40,000. It is nearly midway on the route from Agra to Saugor, 115 m. S. S. E. of the former. The town is in a narrow valley, between low rocky hills, and is surrounded by a wall 30 ft. high. The streets are narrow and crooked ; but many of the houses, belonging to landholders of the neighborhood, are large and substantial. The rajah's palace and pleasure ground of 10 acres are surrounded by a high wall. In the grounds is a reservoir with a fine fountain, around which eight sculptured elephants spout water. DUUMVIRS, among the ancient Romans, two officers appointed temporarily and for a partic- ular purpose. They were therefore of various sorts, and were specially named from the na- ture of their functions. The duumviri juri dicundo were the highest magistrates of col- onies and towns, where they had the rank of consuls at Rome. The duumviri no/vales had charge of the construction and equipping, and sometimes of the command of fleets. The du- umviri quinquennales were the censors of mu- nicipal towns. The duumviri sacrorum had originally the charge of the Sibylline books. The duumviri ludorum in the Byzantine em- pire were functionaries elected for one year to the office of exhibiting games at their own ex- pense to the people. DUVAL. I. A N. E. county of Florida, bor- dering on the Atlantic, bounded N. by Nassau river and intersected by the St. John's ; area, 430 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,921, of whom 6.780 were colored. The surface is generally level. The Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mo- bile, and the Florida railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 32,737 bushels of Indian corn, 35,273 of sweet pota- toes, and 17 hhds. of sugar. The total value of live stock was $155,517. There were 2 brick yards, 10 saw mills, 1 ship yard, 2 man- ufactories of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 1 of tar and turpentine, and 3 of jewelry. Capital, Jacksonville. II. A S. W. county of Texas, watered by affluents of the Rio Nueces, and by several streams that flow into the gulf of Mexico ; area, 1,650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,083, of whom 3 were colored. Water and timber are scarce. The grass is good, and stock raising may be successfully pursued, but only along the streams is the land suitable for agriculture. In 1870 the total value of farm products was $26,522, including 110,950 Ibs. of wool. There were 2,622 horses, 4,472 cat- tle, and 34,325 sheep. Capital, Jacksonville. DUVAL, Valentin Jameray, a French scholar, born in Champagne in 1695, died in Vienna in September, 1775. He was of humble parent- age, and was employed in his boyhood as a herdsman, but found time for study. He ac- cumulated about 200 books and a few maps, and one day was found in the midst of them by Leopold of Lorraine, who placed him under the instruction of the Jesuits of Pont-a-Mousson. Here he made rapid progress, and Duke Leo- pold took him to Paris in 1718, subsequently appointing him librarian and professor of his- tory at the noblemen's academy of Luneville. When Duke Francis Stephen, ceding Lorraine, became grand duke of Tuscany, he accompa- nied him as librarian to Florence. Here he re- sided for nearly ten years, until called to pre- side over the collection of coins and medals at Vienna, Francis Stephen having married Maria