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 298 DUER from the navy roll because they had been en- gaged in a duel. In the northern states public opinion has always been against duelling; yet at the beginning of the century duelling was common there, and several duels were fought in New England, while the "code of honor " was in full force in New York and New Jer- sey. Five shots were exchanged between De Witt Clinton and John Swartwout in 1802 ; and a challenge passed between Mr. Clinton and Gen. Dayton of New Jersey in 1803. Duels have been not infrequent in the different parts of British America. By the common lav, when one of the parties to a duel is killed, the survivor and the seconds are guilty of murder ; and the participation in a duel, either as prin- cipal or second, where there is no fatal result, is regarded as a misdemeanor. Many of the states have modified this rule; in some the killing of a man is punishable with death, in others a term of imprisonment with forfeiture of political rights is substituted. Some states require certain officers of state to make oath either that they have not within a certain time been, or will not be, concerned in a duel ; and in nearly all the duellist and his abettors are disqualified from holding office or exerci- sing the elective franchise for life, or for a term of years, according to the issue of the duel. In the American naval and military service, an officer implicated in a duel with another, either as principal or second, is liable to be cashiered ; and an equally stringent provision exists in the British service. See J. G. Millingen, "The History of Duelling " (2 vols., London, 1841) ; Lorenzo Sabine, " Notes on Duels and Duel- ling, with a preliminary Historical Essay" (12mo, Boston, 1855). DUER, John, an American jurist, born in Albany, N. Y., Oct. 7, 1782, died on Staten island, Aug. 8, 1858. He was the son of Col. William Duer of the revolutionary army, and on his mother's side a grandson of Gen. Wil- liam Alexander, the claimant of the Scottish earldom of Stirling. In his 16th year he en- tered the army, but after two years left the service for the study of law. He commenced practice in Orange co., N. Y., whence about 1820 he removed to the city of New York, where he resided until his death. In 1825 he was appointed one of the commissioners to re- vise the statute law of the state, and afforded valuable assistance in the preparation of the first half of the work. In 1849 he was elected a justice of the superior court of New York city, and in 1857 he became the presiding jus- tice of the court. In 1845 he published a " Lecture on the Law of Representations in Marino Insurance," and in 1845-'6 a treatise on the "Law and Practice of Marine Insu- rance " (2 vols. 8vo), which has become a stan- <l:ir<l authority in the United States. In 1848 he delivered a discourse on the life of Chan- cellor Kent, and at the time of his death was editing " Duer's Reports " on the decisions of the superior court. The Gth volume, which he DUFF did not live to complete, he revised while con- fined to his bed by a fracture of the thigh. DUFAURE, Jules irmand Stanislas, a French statesman, born at Saujon, Dec. 4, 1798. He studied at Paris, practised law at Bourges, was elected deputy for Saintes in 1834, and was continually reflected till 1848, acting with the liberal constitutional party, and exercising great influence, especially in regard to public works and finances. He was nominated councillor of state by Thiers in 1836, and became minis- ter of public works in 1839 under Soult, but vacated his office in the following year on the return of Thiers to power. In 1844 he was elected vice president of the chamber, and after the revolution of February, 1848, a member of the committee on the constitution, and minister of the interior under Gen. Cavaignac. Under the presidency of Louis Napoleon he held the same office for a short time in 1849, and after the coup d'etat he retired to private life. In 1871 Thiers appointed him minister of justice, and a special decree conferred on him the vice presidency of the council of ministers, which offices he lost on the accession of MacMahon in 1873. DU FAY, Charles Francois de Cisternay, a French savant, born in Paris, Sept. 14, 1698, died July 16, 1739. He made new researches concern- ing phosphorus, the barometer, the refracting power of crystals, the magnet, and electricity. He introduced the theory of two kinds of elec- tricity, the vitreous and the resinous. He spent ten years in rearranging and improving thejardin des plantes, and made it the first es- tablishment of the kind in Europe. DUFF, Alexander, a Scottish missionary, born near Pitlochrie, Perthshire, about 1806. He en- tered the university of St. Andrews at the age of 15, and while a student became intimate with Dr. Chalmers. In the summer of 1829 he was licensed to preach. During the later years of his academical studies he was the as- sociate of John Adams and John Urquhart, afterward known in connection with missions. These young students spent much of their leisure time in visiting the poor, distributing tracts, and conducting prayer meetings and Sunday schools in destitute parts of the sur- rounding country. The churches in Scotland had not yet undertaken any mission to the heathen. When a mission to India was re- solved upon, Mr. Duff was selected as the first missionary, and he set sail toward the close of 1829. During his voyage he was ship- wrecked on a reef while rounding the cape of Good Hope, and again on the coast of Ceylon. By the first of these mishaps he and his wife lost everything that belonged to them ; his plans of operation, his library, and papers were all lost. In India he was kindly received, but not encouraged by his countrymen. Rammo- hun Roy, however, who had considerable in- fluence over the natives, entered warmly into the views of Duff, and with his assistance a school was commenced under a banian treo