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 DUDLEY DUEL 295 British museum dated 1661). The castle of Dudley belonged to the family of Sutton till in 1 697 it passed by marriage to that of Ward. John Ward (died in 1774) was created (1763) viscount of Dudley and Ward, and this vis- county continued till it became extinct at the death of John William Ward (1781-1833), who entered the house of commons in 1802, and be- came secretary of state under Canning. DUDLEY, the name of several royal officers of Massachusetts. I. Thomas, governor of the province, born in Northampton, England, in 1576, died in Roxbury, Mass., July 31, 1652. In 1630 he came to Massachusetts with the com- mission of deputy governor, and he was .gov- ernor from 1634 to 1640, and again from 1645 to 1650. He was a man of integrity and piety, though intolerant. II. Joseph, governor of the province, son of the preceding, born Sept. 23, 1647, died in Roxbury, April 2, 1720. He graduated at Harvard college in 1665, served in the Indian war in 1675, was sent to England as agent for the province in 1682, appointed president of New England in 1685, superseded by Andros a few months later, and made chief justice in 1687. He went to England again in 1689, was chief justice of New York from 1690 to 1693, then eight years lieutenant gov- ernor of the Isle of Wight, and finally governor of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1715. He was a man of high moral character, and a scholar. III. Paul, chief justice of the province, son of the preceding, born Sept. 3, 1675, died in Rox- bury, Jan. 21, 1751. He graduated at Harvard college in 1690, studied law in London, and re- turned to Massachusetts in 1702 with the com- mission of attorney general. In 1718 he was appointed judge, and in 1745 became chief jus- tice. He bequeathed 100 to Harvard college for the support of an annual lecture. This lec- ture is called from its founder the Dudleian lecture, and, according to the direction of the founder, is delivered on one of four subjects which are treated of in succession. The first of these is natural religion ; the second, the Christian religion ; the third, the errors of the Roman Catholic church ; and the fourth, to ex- plain and maintain the validity of the ordina- tion of ministers according to the ancient cus- tom in New England. He was a fellow of the royal society, and besides 12 treatises, chief- ly on natural history, in the " Philosophical Transactions," published a work against the church of Rome. DUDLEY, Benjamin Winslow, an American sur- geon, born in Spottsylvania co., Va., in 1785, died at Lexington, Ky., Jan. 20, 1870. He re- ceived his education at Transylvania univer- sity, Lexington, Ky., and took his medical degree at the university of Pennsylvania in 1806. In 1810 he went to Europe and studied four years under the most eminent physicians. On his return he settled in Lexington, Ky. He operated for stone in the bladder 207 times and lost only five patients, and had occasion to re- peat the operation in but one instance. He also successfully applied a ligature to the carotid artery for aneurism within the skull, where trephining had been tried by another surgeon for supposed water on the brain. He retired from active practice in 1854. He pub- lished several medical essays, and on the or- ganization of the medical school of Transyl- vania university became professor of surgery. DUDLEY, Charles Edward, an American sen- ator, born at Johnson Hall, Staffordshire, Eng- land, May 23, 1780, died in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1841. After the death of his father he came with his mother to Newport, R. I., in 1784. He entered into trade in that town, and made at least one voyage to the East In- dies as supercargo. He subsequently removed to New York, where in July, 1809, he married Blandina, daughter of Rutgers Bleecker. Two years later he removed to Albany. He was elected state senator for three successive terms in 1820-'25, mayor of the city in 1821 and 1828, and in 1829 United States senator to serve out the unexpired term of Martin Van Buren. He was particularly fond of astronomi- cal science, and his widow contributed $70,000 to the erection and endowment of the Dudley observatory. (See ALBANY.) DUDWEILER, or Dnttweiler, a town of Prussia, in the province of the Rhine, 10 m. N. E. of Saarbrtick ; pop. in 1871, 8,920. Near it are large coal mines. DUEL, a premeditated combat between two persons, with deadly weapons, for the purpose of deciding some special difference. Single combats are of ancient date. Many are re- corded in the Iliad ; and the story of David and Goliath shows that duels were known to the Hebrews and other Asiatics, as they were also to the Arabs of the time of Mohammed. T. Manlius Torquatus fought with a gigantic Gaul in the war of 361 B. C. The barbarians who overran the Roman empire gave to sin- gle combats a new character, starting with the idea that the wager of battle is an appeal to the decision of God, and that success is a proof of right ; hence the ordeal was accom- panied with religious solemnities. Tacitus men- tions it among the Germans, and it was for- mally legalized by Gundebald, king of the Bur- gundians, about 500. During the middle ages duels multiplied greatly, and as a judicial or- deal were approved by jurists and churchmen, and patronized by monarchs. The laws of the time show the excessive prevalent abuse of the ordeal. By the truce of God of 1041, duels were not permitted between Wednesday and Mon- day, the days intervening being sacred to Christ's passion. Louis IX. tried to restrain duels, and succeeded in reducing their num- ber. Philip the Fair framed laws against them in 1296 and 1303, but in 1306 allowed them in criminal cases which could be reached in no other way. In 1315 Louis X. restored the judicial ordeal in civil cases. In 1386 Jacques Legris was accused of violence to a lady. He denied the crime, was forced to the