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 DOVE DOVER bourne, it flows through a gorge of great beauty. The Dove frequently overflows, but generally with beneficial results to the land along its course. It is celebrated as a fishing .tiv.-iin. esperially hv l/;tak Walton. DOVE. I. Heinricli Wilhelin, a German physi- cist, born in Liegriitz, Prussian Silesia, Oct. 6, 1803. He was educated at Liegnitz, Breslau, and Berlin, in 1826 became a teacher and sub- sequently a professor extraordinary in the uni- versity of Konigsberg, and in 1829 was invited to a similar chair in Berlin. In 1837 he was admitted to the academy of sciences, and in 1845 he became full professor of physics. He has investigated the laws which regulate at- mospheric phenomena, and evolved them with clearness and precision. His reports and iso- thermal maps afforded the first representation of the isothermal lines of the whole globe for every month of the year, besides much kindred information, whose importance can scarcely be overestimated. He was the first to announce the presence of a secondary electric current in a metallic wire, at the moment that the cir- cuit of the principal current is completed. Of his works, many of which have appeared in the transactions of the Berlin academy of sciences, and in Poggendorff 's Annalen, the principal are : Ueber Mass und Messen; Mete- or ologische Untersuchungen ; Ueber die nicht- periodischen Aenderungen der Temperaturver- theilung auf der Oberfliiche der Erde ; Unter- suchungen im Oebiete der Inductionselelctrici- tdt; Temperaturtafeln; Monatsisothermen ; and Das Gesetz der Stiirme, which has been translated into French and English. In a more popular style he has written several treatises on meteorological and electrical phenomena, which have found many readers. In the ca- pacity of director of the Prussian observatories he publishes each year the results of their la- bors. Among his most recent writings are Kli- matologische Beitrage (Berlin, 1857 et seq. Mo- nats- und Jahresisothermen in der Polarpro- jection (1864), Klimatologie von Norddeutsch- land (1868-71), and papers on electricity, the movement of water, &c. II. Richard Wilhelm, a German jurist, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, Feb. 27, 1833. On graduating at the university of Berlin in 1854 he delivered a thesis on ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Germany and France which attracted much attention. He served one year in the Prussian army, and in 1859 became a Prinatdocent at Berlin, his lectures meeting with remarkable success. In 1860 he founded the Zeitschrift fur Kirchen- recht, which he at first edited alone. In 1862 he was made extraordinary professor of ecclesi- astical and German law at Tubingen, and in 1st;:; full professor. In 1865 he accepted a similar position at Kiel, and in 1868 at Gottin- trcn. In lsr,9, when he was appointed by the king a member of the national synod, he ear- nestly opposed the efforts of the clerical dele- gates of the extreme Lutheran party to intro- duce, even in matters connected with the church, obstacles to the union of Germany; and the same desire for unification inspired his action in more purely political contests, in which he engaged with much ability. His ser- vices in this cause led to his election in 1871 to the first German Reichstag. He has published several essays in the Zeitschrift fur Kirchen- recht, and he had charge of the revision of Richter's text book of ecclesiastical law. His younger brother ALFEED edited the Grenzboten in 1869-'70, and since January, 1871, has been the editor of a similar politico-literary journal entitled Im neuen Reicli (Leipsic). DOVER (Fr. Douvres ; anc. Dulris), a seaport (one of the cinque ports) of England, on the S. E. coast of the county of Kent, on the straits of Dover, in lat. 51 7' K,lon. 1 19' E., 62 m. S. E. of London (with which it is connected by the London, Chatham, and Dover, and the Southeastern railways), and 21 m. K W. from the coast of France, to which it is the nearest English seaport; pop. in 1871, 28,270. The town is on a small bay, in a low interval form- ed between the lofty cliffs along the shore by the valley of a little stream call the Dour. The older portion is irregularly and rather poorly built, principally on one street, which runs parallel with the valley. The newer part faces the water ; this includes many well built houses and several large hotels. There are about 20 places of worship, a theatre, museum, read- ing rooms, &c. The harbor consists of three basins, and though formerly possessing few advantages, it has during the past 20 years been so improved by the government, at im- mense cost, that it now forms a good anchor- age for vessels of ordinary size. The entrance is sheltered by the admiralty pier, 1,700 ft. long, built of stone. The trade of the tow 7 n is inconsiderable ; ship building and rope manu- facture are carried on, and there are some smaller industries; but its prosperity chiefly arises from the constant passage of travellers and freight to and from the continent, and the visits of those who come in summer for the bathing and sea air. Lines of steamers con- nect Dover with Calais, Ostend, and Boulogne. The submarine telegraph between England and the continent crosses the channel from Dover to Calais; it was completed in October, 1851. The castle of Dover, one of the most remarka- ble edifices in England, stands on the summit of a chalk cliff about 1 m. N. E. of the town. Its walls enclose 35 acres. It is supposed to have been founded by the Romans, but some portions are Norman and Saxon, while others belong to still later epochs. It contains a spa- cious keep, used as a magazine, and barracks for 2,000 men. Within the precincts of the castle stands an octagonal watch tower, inter- esting not only as the earliest specimen of Ro- man architecture, but also as one of the most ancient pieces of regular masonwork in Great Britain. In the neighborhood of Dover Caesar made his first attempt to land on the British coast, but he was induced to change his point