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 DOMINIC nuns, and the rapidly increasing community of friars was transferred by the pope to Santa Sabina on the Aventine, where his own palace was. The flower of the nobility and priest- hood now demanded admission to the new order; and among the postulants were Hy- acinth and Ceslas Odrowaz, since canonized, nephews to the high chancellor of Poland, and Reginald, dean of the chapter of Orleans and doctor of canon law in the university of Paris, whose eloquence and learning were chiefly in- strumental in establishing the friars preachers in Bologna. In the autumn of 1218 Dominic, after visiting Languedoc, where the existence of his establishments was threatened, founded a convent in Madrid, and another in Segovia, which became the Dominican centre in Spain. Thence, at the invitation of Blanche of Castile, he went to Paris, where he found the seven sent from Prouille increased to 30, and occupying at the Narbonne gate the church and hospital of St. Jacques, from which the Dominicans in France derived their denomination of Jaco- bins. After establishing houses in Limoges, Rheims, Poitiers, Metz, and Orleans, he set out for Bologna. On arriving there in the sum- mer of 1219 he found that the church and con- vent of Mascarella, first given to his brethren, had been exchanged for the church and con- vent of St. Nicholas, which has been considered as the cradle of the Dominican order in Italy. Reginald's eloquence had taken the city and university by storm ; the elite of the profes- sors and students had entered the novitiate, and Dominic found a sufficient number to send to the chief cities of northern and central It- aly to found houses there. It was at his first arrival in Bologna that he tore in pieces a deed presented to him by a wealthy citizen of all his personal estates. He declared he wished to see his followers beg their bread rather than clog their usefulness by the pos- session of property. This love of poverty he extended to everything connected with his order, dwelling, furniture, and fare; he even banished from the churches all splendid vest- ments, and confined the use of silver and gold to the service of the altar. Dominic and Fran- cis of Assisi met this year in Perugia, and the former proposed to unite into one body the two societies which they had founded, a proposal to which Francis would not listen. But both, when asked by Cardinal Ugolino, in whose house they met, if they would allow their sons to accept ecclesiastical preferments, replied that it would be the ruin of religious humility. Dominic was present in 1219 at the first general chapter of the Franciscans, and in 1220, at the first general chapter of the friars preachers, made the Franciscan legislation con- cerning religious poverty binding on all his fol- lowers. The second general chapter was held in Bologna May 30, 1221. It was attested by numerous witnesses at his canonization, that in bidding farewell to the professors and stu- dents of Bologna, he predicted he should cease DOMINICA 201 to be among the living before the 15th of August following. Acting on this presentiment, he went to Venice to recommend his order to Cardinal Ugolino, afterward Pope Gregory IX. ; and after visiting some of his followers else- where he arrived in Bologna July 31, 1221, wayworn and faint. He persisted in attending the midnight service with the community, and on retiring to his cell was seized with a violent fever accompanied with dysentery. He refused to accept a bed offered to him, but lay on a sack filled with wool. On the morning of Aug. 4 he warned those around him that the end was at hand. They laid him, at his re- quest, on sackcloth and ashes, where he re- ceived the sacraments of the dying, pronounced a fervent blessing on his children far and near, and breathed his last as noon was about to strike. The life of Dominic has been written, among many others, by Dietrich of Apolda and several other ecclesiastical writers of the 13th century; by Castillo (Madrid, 1584), Nicholas Janssen (Antwerp, 1622), Touron (Paris, 1739), and Lacordaire (1840,1844, and 1858). See also Saint Dominique et les Dominicains, by Elme Marie Caro (Paris, 1853); the Bolland- ists, under date of Aug. 6 ; and the first vol- ume of Mamachi's Annales Ordinis Prmdica- torum (Rome, 1756). DOMINICA, a British West India island, one of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward group, 29 m. S. of Guadeloupe, in lat. 15 18' N. and Ion. 61 32' W.; length from N. to S. 29 m., breadth 16 m. ; area, 291 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 28,517, of whom only a small number are whites, the majority being emancipated slaves. It is of volcanic origin, and when viewed from the sea presents the appearance of a confused mass of mountains ; the highest summit has an elevation of 5,300 ft. Dominica has upward of 30 rivers and numerous rivulets, sulphurous and thermal springs, and' a deep lake on a high mountain 6 m. from Roseau. Among its mountains are many fertile valleys, with a black and rich soil well adapted for raising every tropical production. The temperature ranges from 69 to 88. The wet season con- tinues from September to January, though rains frequently fall during the other months. The chief exports are sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, and cocoa ; the chief imports are wheat, flour, dried fish, linen, and cottons. In 1870 the imports were valued at 60,277, the ex- ports at 62,246 ; the revenue was 15,721, the expenditures 15,248, the public debt 7,230. There are 16 free schools; but the majority of the population being Roman Catho- lics, education is mainly in the hands of the clergy. The woods swarm with bees, which produce great quantities of wax and honey. This is the European bee, much larger than the native bee of the West Indies. Dominica was discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; and being equally claimed by England, France, and Spain, it was considered a neutral island by those three powers till 1759, when it was captured