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 DOLLOND DOLOMIEU 189 name became as eminent among anti-Catholics as it had been among ultramontanists. The archbishop announced that all Catholics who continued to attend Dollinger's lectures were rendering themselves liable to excommunica- tion, and issued a pastoral letter to the signers of the address, in which he vindicated the po- sition of the church, and stigmatized Dollin- ger and his adherents as rebels and schis- matics. The Catholic clergymen of Munich published at the same time a declaration of their implicit faith in the new doctrine. Other clergymen in different parts of the country made declarations to the same effect, and Dol- linger found himself deserted by a large ma- jority of the several generations of theologians who had been his pupils, while the archbishop issued against him the great excommunication. Dollinger discontinued his clerical functions, although as provost of St. Cajetan, and as su- perior court chaplain, the court churches were at his command. With 30 of his partisans he published a declaration, reiterating their inten- tion of adhering to the old doctrines of the church, and of rejecting every new doctrine, but declaring also that the doctrine of infalli- bility was based on forgeries, that it was ma- king the pope a counterpart of the sultan of Turkey, that it was perilous to the church and society, and that the assertions to the contrary by some bishops were of no value, because others, like Archbishop Manning of Westmin- ster, were already extending the application of the doctrine to political matters. In July, 1870, Dollinger was elected rector magnificus of the university of Munich, and confirmed as such by the king. In February, 1872, he called a conference at Munich for the purpose of dis- cussing a possible reunion of all the different Christian churches. After considerable debate they adjourned till Sept. 20, when a large Old Catholic congress met at Cologne. Dollinger's principal works not before mentioned are : 'Die Lehre von der Eucharistie in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten (Mentz, 1826); Moham- med 's Religion (Ratisbon, 1838) ; Die Refor- mation, ihre innere EntwicTcelung und ihre Wirlcungen im Umfange des lutherischen Be- kenntnisses (3 vols., 1846-'8) ; and Hippolytus und Kallistus (1853). Several of his works have been translated into English; that on Paganism and Judaism by N. Darnell (" The Gentile and the Jew, an Introduction to the History of Christianity," London, 1862), and that on " The Church and the Churches " by W. B. McCabe (London, 1862). DOLLOND. I. John, an English optician, born in London, June 10, 1706, died there, Nov. 30, 1761. He was descended from a French refu- gee family, and was originally a silk weaver, but spent his evenings in studying various sciences and languages, and made a translation of the Greek Testament into Latin. His pref- erence was for optics, and he went into part- nership with his son as an optical instrument manufacturer at Spitalfields. He commenced a series of experiments on the dispersion of light and other subjects connected with the improvement of telescopes and microscopes, the results of which were communicated to the royal society in a series of papers, which appeared in its " Transactions " during 1753, 1754, and 1758. For these he received the Copley medal, and in 1761 was elected a mem- ber of the society, and appointed optician to the king. He was the discoverer of the laws of the dispersion of light, and the inventor of the achromatic telescope. II, Peter, son of the preceding, born about 1730, died in 1820. Soon after entering into partnership with his fa- ther he removed his business from Spitalfields. to St. Paul's churchyard, where he met with great success. He made several important improvements in optical instruments, and con- tributed some valuable papers to the " Trans- actions" of the royal society, one of which was a vindication of his father's claim to the discovery of* the true theory of the refrangi- bility of light, which appeared in 1789. DOLMEN. See CROMLECH. DOLOMIEIJ, Deodat Gni Sylvain Tancrede de Gra- tet de, a French geologist, born at Dolomieu, Dauphiny, June 24, 1750, died at Chateauneuf, department of Saone-et-Loire, Nov. 26, 1801. When 18 years old he killed in a duel a knight of Malta, of which order he was himself a member. He was condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for nine months, and in his dungeon he devoted himself to the natural sciences. On recover- ing his liberty he obtained a commission in the army, but did not relinquish his scientific in- vestigations, of which the first fruits appeared in 1775 in his Recherches sur la pesanteur des corps d differentes distances du centre de la, terre. Made a corresponding member of the academy of sciences, he abandoned the mili- tary profession and devoted the rest of his life to science. For a series of years he was engaged in exploring Portugal, Spain, Italy, and afterward Egypt, whither he went with Bonaparte's expedition. While on his return to Marseilles in 1799 he was seized by the Neapolitans, and through the enmity of the order of Malta detained in prison at Messina, where, amid extraordinary hardships, ^he wrote his Traite de philosophic mineralogique, and his Memoire sur Vespece minerale. He re- covered his liberty March 15, 1801, with im- paired health, and died soon afterward, while on a visit to his sister. The results of his researches are embodied in his contributions to the Journal de Physique, Journal de Vln- stitut, Journal des Mines, &c. More than 50 distinct memoirs, many of which contain valu- able additions to the knowledge of geology and mineralogy, can thus be traced to his pen, besides his contributions to the Dictionnaire mineralogique and the Nouvelle Encyclopedie. His most interesting essays are : Memoires sur le tremblement de la terre de la Calabre ; Voy- age aux lies de Lipari ; Memoires sur les lies