Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume V.djvu/766

 762 DEER LODGE States. The flowers, in common with those of the family, are conspicuous and showy, with bright purple petals, and the meadows are un- usually gay when sprinkled with patches of this plant, entitling it to its common name of meadow beauty. DEER LODGE, a K W. county of Montana territory, bounded K by British America; area, 15,300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,367, of whom 776 were Chinese. It is watered by tributaries of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. There are grazing and agricultural lands on both sides of the Rocky mountains, which intersect it from S. E. to N. W. It con- tains the richest mining territory of Montana, and produces more gold than any other county. The Northern Pacific railroad is to cross it. The chief productions in 1870 were 11,510 bush- els of oats, 4,960 of barley, 7,200 of potatoes, 3,575 tons of hay, and 36,685 Ibs. of butter. There were 952 horses,' 2,252 milch cows, and 3,749 other cattle ; 6 quartz- crushing mills, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Deer Lodge. DEFEASANCE, Deed of, an instrument which defeats the force or operation of some other deed or of some estate. The event which is to defeat a conveyance or other deed may either be specified therein, in which case it is called a condition, or it may be declared by a separate defeasance ; as in the case of a mort- gage, where one deed may convey the land and also declare that the conveyance shall be defeated on payment of the money secured, or the conveyance may be by ordinary deed, and a separate defeasance given back by the gran- tee. Where the defeasance is thus separate, the rules of execution, acknowledgment, and recording are the same as with other deeds. DEFFAND, or Deffant, Marie (DE VICIIY-CHAM- EOND), marquise du, an accomplished French woman, born at the chateau of Chamrond in 1697, died in Paris, Sept. 24, 1780. She was of noble birth, and was educated at a convent ; but at the age of 16 she adopted skeptical opinions on religious subjects. At 20 she was married to the marquis du DefFand, from whom her indiscretions soon caused her to be separa- ted ; after which she pursued a career of fash- ionable dissipation, and for many years was one of the most brilliant ornaments of the court of the regent and of Louis XV. Although in- capable, from a natural selfishness and want of sympathy, of entertaining the passion of love, she knew how to inspire it in others ; and over the greater part of her numerous lovers, among whom, it is said, was the regent him- self, her influence remained unimpaired until their dotage. She was courted by the most eminent men of the time; and when, in her 55th year, she became blind, her saloons in the convent of St. Joseph were the favorite re- sort of Montesquieu, Voltaire, President Ile- nault, D'Alembert, David Hume, and many others. At this period she became acquainted with Horace Walpole, between whom and her- self a correspondence was carried on for many DEFOE years. Her latter years were marked by pee- vishness, and she died unhappy after unavailing efforts toward the life of a devotee. Her cor- respondence was first published in 1802. A new edition appeared in 1859, and two in 1864. DEFIANCE, a N. W. county of Ohio, border- ing on Indiana ; area, 414 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,719. The St. Joseph's and Maumee are the principal rivers. The surface is level, the soil good, and timber is abundant. The Miami canal and the Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroad traverse it. The chief productions in 1870 were 246,393 bushels of wheat, 146,810 of Indian corn, 128,111 of oats, 70,825 of pota- toes, 17,971 tons of hay, 366,211 Ibs. of butter, 72,215 of wool, and 20,600 of tobacco. There were 5,025 horses, 4,933 milch cows, 6,052 other cattle, 24,271 sheep, and 10,676 swine; 5 grist mills, 10 saw mills, 3 manufactories of furniture, 2 of wagon material, 2 of iron and castings, 1 of machinery, 1 of oars, 1 of wool- len goods, 6 tanneries, and 6 currying estab- lishments. Capital, Defiance. DEFOE, Daniel, an English novelist and po- litical writer, born in London in 1661, died there, April 24, 1731. He was the son of a butcher of the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and was admitted by right of birth to the free- dom of the city in 1688, under the name of Daniel Foe, but afterward assumed that of Defoe. He was educated in a dissenting acad- emy at Newington Green, near London, and in 1680 was nominated a Presbyterian minister, but never followed that vocation. He pub- lished in 1682 a pamphlet entitled "Speculum Crape-Gownorum, or a Looking-Glass for the Young Academics," a lampoon on prevalent high-church notions. In 1683, when the Ot- tomans advanced into Austria, he issued his "Treatise against the Turks," combating the general sentiment in favor of the latter, and arguing that it was " better that the popish house of Austria should ruin the Protestants in Hungary, than that the infidel house of Ottoman should ruin both Protestants and Papists." In 1685 he enlisted, under the duke of Monmouth, in the rebellion against James II., and afterward went to London, where he became a hose factor. In 1687 he published a tract assailing the proclamation of King James for the repeal of the penal laws. He hailed the revolution of 1688 as the sal- vation of Protestantism, and was one of the volunteers who escorted William and Mary from Whitehall to the mansion house, Oct. 29, 1689. In 1692 he was declared bankrupt and was obliged to abscond, but compounded with his creditors, they accepting his personal bonds, which he punctually paid. Subsequent- ly he discharged his full liabilities to such of his creditors as had themselves fallen into distress. In 1695 he was appointed accountant to the commissioners of the glass duties, in which service he continued till the suppression of the tax in 1699. He published in 1697 an "Essay on Projects," which proposed the establish-