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 CYRIL OF JERUSALEM CYRIL AND METHODIUS 619 full power to demand a retraction from him, and to name his successor in case he should prove refractory. On receipt of the pope's decision, Cyril called his suffragans together in the fol- lowing November, and framed his "twelve anathematisms," embodying the twelve most obnoxious propositions from the writings of Nestorius. These, with the pope's letter and sentence, were borne to Constantinople by a deputation of bishops, and only drew from Nestorius twelve counter-anathemas. John of Antioch and the bishops of Syria wrote to Nestorius, advising him to yield to the pope's decree and retract ; but he was deaf to their prayers and those of the emperor. The only remedy was now thought to be a general coun- cil, which assembled in Ephesus in June, 431, and after vainly summoning Nestorius to ap- pear, condemned his doctrine by the adoption of Cyril's "anathematisms," and sentenced him to be deposed. Shortly after John of An- tioch arrived, and at the head of 30 bishops held a second council, which condemned as illegal the proceedings of the 200 bishops under Cyril, excommunicated them all, and sentenced the patriarch of Alexandria and the bishop of Ephesus to be deposed. The emperor, misin- formed about the respective numbers and acts of the two bodies, caused Nestorius, Cyril, and Memnon of Ephesus to be imprisoned, in hope of thus obtaining peace. Soon after, however, the sentence against Nestorius was carried into effect, and Cyril and Memnon were set at lib- erty. Cyril returned to Alexandria, where for the next few years he labored to perfect the pacification of the church, which, commenced at Ephesus, was consummated in the first months of 433, by the submission of John of Antioch and the Syrian bishops. This fact Cyril announced to his people, April 28 of that year. His feast is celebrated by the Greeks on Jan. 18, and by the Latins on Jan. 28. The best edition of Cyril's works, exegetical, doc- trinal, and controversial, is that by Jean Aubert (7 vols. folio, Paris, 1638), reprinted by Migne in his Patrologie grecque (vols. Ixviii. to Ixxvii., Paris, 1857-' 6 6). Besides this, there is the Cologne folio (2 vols., 1546), and another Paris edition (2 vols. fol., 1692), containing the Greek text with notes. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, a saint and doctor of the church, born at or near Jerusalem about A. D. 315, died in 386. He was ordained priest by Maximus, bishop of Jerusalem, and was intrusted with the charge of the catechumens, and sometimes with the duty of preaching in the place of the bishop. When, in 350, the see of Jerusalem became vacant, Cyril was promoted to it, and consecrated by Aca- cius of Caesarea, the metropolitan of Pales- tine. Acacius was an Arian, and it has been affirmed that Cyril, in keeping fellowship with him and the Arian party, while professing orthodox sentiments, was guilty of duplicity. But he was never considered Arian by the Arians themselves, or as in any way favor- able to that party in the matter of theology, although in his banishment and misfortune he accepted the hospitality of friends who were semi-Arian. Acacius was for many years his bitter enemy and persecutor, and in 358 pro- cured a sentence of deposition against him. Cyril was accused of having sold the furniture and ornaments of his church, gifts of the em- peror Constantine ; but his plea was that he did this in time of famine to save the poor from starving. The sentence, palpably unjust, was reversed at the council of Seleucia in 359, but was repronounced the next year, with an ad- ditional imperial decree of banishment. On the accession of Julian in 361, Cyril was en- abled to return to Jerusalem. But the favor of the tolerant pagan did not prevent the Chris- tian zeal of the bishop, who condemned, on grounds of Scripture and prophecy, the empe- ror's attempt to rebuild in the holy city the Jewish temple. The emperor Valens in 367, repealing Julian's act of amnesty, again sent Cyril into exile, and only after 11 years was he able to regain his seat and to stay unmolested. He had the satisfaction in his last years of seeing the orthodox faith fully established, and of taking part in the council of Constantinople, which decreed the condemnation of the Arian, semi-Arian, and Macedonian heretics. The writings of Cyril which remain are : a course of 23 " Catechetical Lectures ;" a single sermon, suggested by the Scripture narrative of the healing of the paralytic, and treating sin as the origin of all misery and suffering ; and a letter to the emperor Constantius relating the prodigy of the luminous cross at Jerusalem. His works have been frequently printed both in Greek and in Latin. The editions of Cologne (1564) and Paris (1589) are in a smgle octavo volume. The fine edition of the Benedictine Toutt6e (folio, Paris, 1720) is in both languages. A French translation of the "Catechetical Lec- tures," with notes and commentaries, was made by Grandcolas. An English translation of the same work, very faithful and spirited, edited by John Henry Newman, was published in Oxford in 1838. CYRIL and METHODIUS, supposed to have been brothers, apostles of the Slavs, of whom the former, born in Thessalonica about 820, died in Rome, Feb. 14, 869 ; the dates of the birth and death of the latter are unknown. The for- mer received in baptism the name of Constan- tine, by which he was known until he embraced the monastic profession, or, as others think, until he was consecrated bishop in Rome, when he assumed the name of Cyril. His father, who was of senatorial rank, sent him to be educated in Constantinople, where his knowledge of languages and his varied erudition gained him the surname of Philosophos (the learned) and the custody of the public library. He had be- come a monk and received priest's orders when Methodius, who had attained the rank of gen- eral in the imperial army, entered the same monastery. In 848 the empress regent Theo-