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 CYCLOPAEDIA CYCLOPS 611 tory; the Conversations-Lexicon fur alle Stande (8 vols., Leipsic and Halberstadt, 1823-'8), often called from its publishers the "Briiggemann Cyclopaedia;" the Damen- Conner sations-Lexi- Icon (10 vols., Leipsic, 1834-'8; 2d unchanged ed., Adorf, 1846); Meyer's Conversation*- Lexi- Icon (50 vols. 12mo, Hildburghausen, 1839-'55), which is more comprehensive than any other conversations-lexicon; a new Conversations- Lexikon by Meyer (Hildburghausen, 1856 et seq.; abridged ed., under the title of Meyers Hand- Lexikon, 1870-'72); the Conversations- Lexikon fur alle Stande, published by Wigand (15 vols., Leipsic, 1846-'52); and the Allge- meine Real-Encylclopadie, oder Conversations- Lexikon fur das Katholische Deutschland, by W. Binder and others (12 vols., Ratisbon, 1846 -'51). The most important Italian cyclopaedias are the Nuovo dizionario scientiftco e curioso sacro-profano, by Pivati (12 vols. folio, 1746- '51), and the Enciclopedia italiana (Venice, 1854 et seq.}. Cyclopaedias exist also in most other European languages, as, in Danish, the Almeennyttigt DansJc Konversations-Lexikon, by P. Larsen (Copenhagen, 1849 et seq.); in Swedish, the Svenskt .Conversations -Lexikon (Stockholm, 1845 et seq.} ; in Polish, the Ency- hlopedja powszecJina (28 vols., Warsaw, 1860- '68) ; and in Spanish, the Pan-Lexicon, by Juan Penal ver (Madrid, 1842), the Biblioteca univer- sal de instruccion (Barcelona, 1842 et seq.}, and the Enciclopedia espanola del siglo XIX. (Ma- drid, 1842 et seq.}. The oriental nations have general and special, systematic and alphabetic cyclopaedias. The most complete is in Arabic, systematically arranged, and entitled Miftali es-seadet vemishbah et-tziyadet fi mevtzuat al- ulum ("The Key of Happiness and the Guid- ing Beacon in the Objects of the Sciences "), by Mola Ahmed ben Mustapha, commonly called Tash Kopri-Sade. It was translated into Turk- ish by the son of the author, Kemal ed-Din Mohammed (died about 1623). It divides the sciences into seven classes, rhetoric, eloquence, dialectics, theoretical philosophy, practical phi- losophy, theoretical positive science, and prac- tical positive science. Tash Kopri-Sade reck- oned in all 307 sciences, which his son extend- ed in the Turkish version to 500. A general alphabetically arranged cyclopaedia was pre- pared by Hadji Khalfa (died in 1658). This voluminous writer on the bibliography, ge- ography, and history of the Moslems collect- ed many separate and rare treatises into one body under the title of Keshf at-thanun en es- ma il-lcutub velfunun ("The Knowledge of Books and Sciences "). In his introduction he treated of the nature, object, and classification of the sciences ; of the history and literature of the sciences in oriental countries; of several special questions concerning the history of learning ; and of the Arabic language and lit- erature. The whole of this introduction is translated in Von Hammer's EncyklopddiscJie Uebersicht der Wissenschaften des Orients (Leipsic, 1804). These two immense collec- tions were preceded by several cyclopaedias more or less complete. The first who among the Arabians made a cyclopaedic scheme of the sciences was the celebrated physician known to Europeans as Avicenna (died about 1037). Of his treatise on the nature of the sciences and the method of teaching we are able to judge only from the high commendations of Tash Kopri-Sade, the greatest oriental cyclo- paedist, who acknowledges obligations to no other of his predecessors. . The oldest proper cyclopaedia among the Arabians was the Ha- daiTcoV-envar ft halcaik il-esrar (" Garden Flowers, or True Mysteries"), by Takhi ed- Din Mohammed ben Omar er-Rasi (died A. D. 1209), which embraces 60 sciences. About a century later appeared the cyclopaedia Miftah olulum (" Key of Sciences "), by Serad-shed- din es-akaki (died about 1280). This work enjoyed an unrivalled reputation for a century and a half, and more than 100 commentaries were written on it, and even a larger number of epitomes were made. Among the latter was an excellent elaboration of the rhetorical division by Shems ed-Din Mohammed, cele- brated as the " preacher of Damascus " (died about 1338). Under Mohammed II., the con- queror of Constantinople, several cyclopaedias of large compass were produced. One of these was a learned work on 14 sciences, by an Egyp- tian named Jelal ed-Din Abderrahman Essoyuti, parts of which were reduced to verse by several scholars. A great cyclopaedia in Persian is the Nefais olfunum fi arais il-uyun ^" Treasures of Knowledge to adorn the Eyes "), which em- braces 120 sciences. It is in two parts, the first treating of the pre-Islamitic sciences in five books, the second of the Islamitic sciences in nine books. The Elfevaid ellchakanie el- Ahmed Ichanie ("Useful Results," &c.), by Mohammed Emin ben Sadr esh-Shirvani, is a famous cyclopaedia, prepared for the sultan Ahmed I. It treats of 53 sciences in five parts, which, like the parts of an army, are entitled " The Van " (sciences and their order), " The Right Wing" (philological sciences), "The Left Wing" (philosophical sciences), "The Rear" (the ethics of monarchs), and "The Centre " (the sciences of law). The Chinese and Japanese also have great cyclopaedias. Almost the whole contemporary learning is contained in the Ku Mn sse wen lui tsiu (" An- cient-Modern four Collections "), by Chu-ho-fu (1246). The Yung 16 ta teen, a great cyclo- paedia compiled by nearly 2,200 writers, was finished about 1407 in 22,877 volumes. Simi- lar Chinese works in the 17th century attained immense magnitude. The San tsai tu, in 130 volumes, treating of the three great powers, heaven, earth, and man, was published in Jap- anese near the beginning of the present centu- ry, and there is a copy of it, both in Japanese and Chinese, in the royal library of Paris. CYCLOPS (Gr. Kv^uip, from /c^/cAoc, a circle, and CJT/J, an eye), in Grecian mythology, giants with but one circular eye, in the middle of the fore-