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 608 CYCLOPAEDIA a new and more dignified aspect. This edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" was repub- lished in Philadelphia by Thomas Dobson (21 vols. 4to, including the supplement, 1798-1803). A fourth edition, increased to 20 vols., was completed in 1810, under the able superinten- dence of Dr. James Millar. This was enriched with the contributions of Prof. Wallace on pure mathematics. A fifth and a sixth edition soon followed, but were little more than reprints of the former. While these were in progress, a supplement extending to 6 vols. made its ap- pearance, edited by Macvey Napier, and pub- lished by Archibald Constable. The first half volume was produced in 1815, under the sanc- tion of the name of Dugald Stewart, as the author of the first of those preliminary disser- tations on the history of the sciences which, in a more complete state, so greatly adorn and recommend the later editions. Enriched as it was by contributions from the most eminent writers and scholars of the day, including the distinguished philosophers of France, Arago and Biot, the work rose rapidly in public favor. The copyrights of the previous editions having passed into the hands of A. and C. Black of Edinburgh, they immediately commenced the publication of an enlarged edition, under the editorial supervision of Prof. Napier (21 vols., including the later supplement, a general in- dex, and numerous engravings, 1830-'42). The eighth edition, with extensive improvements and additions, and an introductory volume of dissertations, was commenced in 1853, and published jointly by A. and 0. Black of Edin- burgh, and Little and Brown of Boston ; the concluding (21st) volume appeared in 1860. For this, as for the preceding editions, articles were furnished by the most distinguished con- temporary authors. The following is a sum- mary of the principal English and American cyclopaedias since the commencement of the last quarter of the 18th century : 1. New Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, or an Universal Sys- tem of Useful Knowledge. By E. Middleton and others. 2 vols. folio, London, 1778. 2. New Royal Encyclopaedia. By "W. H. Hall. 3 vols. folio, London, 1789. (2d ed., enlarged by J. Lloyd, with plates, 3 vols. folio, 1796.) 8. The Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. Projected and arranged by John Wilkes. 24 vols. 4to, London, 1797-1829. 4. The English Encyclopa- dia. or a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 10 vols. 4to, London, 1801. 5. Rees's Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sci- ences, and Literature. 89 vols. with 6 vols. of plates, Lon- don, 1808-'19. (This work, comprising the various ar- ticles in Chambers's Cyclopaedia, with additions and im- provements, was far more extensive than any previous similar work in England, being particularly complete in the technical department. An American edition was pub- lished at Philadelphia, 47 vols., 1810-'24, which, proving unsuccessful from the magnitude and difficulty of the en- terprise, was at last disposed of by lottery.) 6. Gregory's Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 2 vols. 4to, London, 1806. (A compilation formerly in high repute. American ed., 8 vols. 4to, Philadelphia. 1815-'16.) 7. Nicholson's British Encyclopaedia, illustrated with en- gravings by Lowry and Scott. 6 vols. 8vo, London, 1809. (3d American ed., Philadelphia, 12 vols. 8vo, 1819.) 8. The Imperial Encyclopaedia. By W. M. Johnson and T. Exley. 4 vols. 4to, London, 1S09-'14. 9. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Conducted by Sir David Brewster. Ib vols. 4to, Edinburgh, ISOU-'SO. (This im- portant work was especially rich in its scientific depart- ment. American ed., improved by the addition of numer- ous articles relative to the American continent, Phila- delphia, 1882.) 10. The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. or Universal Diction- ary of Knowledge, on an Original Plan, comprising the twofold Advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with appropriate Engravings. Edited by Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, and Henry John Rose. 25 thick vols. with 8 additional vols. of plates and one of index, London, 1815-'45. (The divisions of this work, which follow a system of universal knowledge pro- jected by 8. T. Coleridge, are as follows : Vols. 1, 2, pure sciences ; 3-8, mixed and applied sciences ; 9-13, history and biography ; 14-25, a miscellaneous lexicon. A cabinet edition was published in small 8vo volumes. In this large collection are contained many complete treatises of great value, as the " Science of Method " of Coleridge, the " Logic " and " Rhetoric " of Archbishop Whately, por- tions of Roman history by Dr. Arnold, and works on the history of moral and metaphysical philosophy by F. D. Maurice.) 11. The Encyclopaedia Edinensis. By James Millar. 6 vols. 4to, Edinburgh, 1816. 12. The Encyclopaedia Perthensis, with Plates. Attributed to Millar. 23 vols. 8vo, London, 1816. 13. The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Sciences and Arts, Literature, and Practical Mechanics. By Thomas Curtis. 22 vols. 4to, with an additional vol. of maps, London, 1829. 14. The Encyclopaedia Americana, a Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biogra- phy ; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversa- tions-Lexifcon. Edited by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth and T. G. Bradford. 13 vols. 8vo, Phila- delphia, 1829-'33. (Supplementary vol., edited by H. Vethake, 1847.) 15. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, comprising a series of original works on History, Biography, Literature, the Sci- ences, Arts, and Manufactures. 132 vols. small 8vo, Lon- don, 1830-'46. (Among the numerous valuable treatises in this series are works of Herschel on astronomy, of Brew- ster on optics, Mackintosh's " History of England," Sis- mondi's "Italian Republics," Scott's "History of Scot- land," and Thirwall's " History of Greece. 1 ') 16. Partington's British Cyclopaedia. 12 vols. 8vo, London. 1832. 17. The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Edited by George Long. 27 vols. small folio, London, 1833-'43; 2 supplementary vols., 1846-'51 ; 2d supplement, 1 vol., 1856. 18. The Popular Encyclopaedia, or Conversations Lexicon; being a General Dictionary of Useful Knowledge, with Dissertations by Eminent Writers. 7 vols. royal 8vo, Glasgow, 1841. 19. Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. Royal 8vo, London, 1842; 2d ed., 1852-'3; American ed., New York, 1843; new and revised ed., 3 vols., London, 1865-7. 20. The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge. 12 vols. small 8vo, London, 1847-'51 ; Boston, 1853. (This is an abridgment of the " Penny Cyclopaedia.") 21. The Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art. Translated from the German of J. G. Heck, with additions, and edited by Spencer F. Baird. 4 vols. royal 8vo of text, and 2 vols. of plates, New York, 1&51 ; re- printed, 1869. 22. The English Cyclopaedia, a New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Conducted by Charles Knight. 20 vols. 4to, London, 1854-'61 ; supplements to 1667-'8. (This work is based upon the " Penny Cyclopaedia," and is divided into the four departments of Geography, Natural History, Biography, and Arts and Sciences.) 23. The New American Cyclopaedia. Edited by George Rip- lev and Charles A. Dana. 16 vols. royal Svo, New York, 1857-'63. 24. Chambers's Encyclopaedia. 10 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh and Philadelphia, 1860-'6S; new ed., 1871-'2. 25. Zell's Popular Encyclopaedia. 2 vols. 4to, illustrated, Philadelphia, 1871. 26. The National Encyclopaedia. 8vo, New York, 1872 etseq. 27. The American Cyclopaedia. The present work, a revised and illustrated edition of the "New American Cyclo- paedia." New York, 1873 et seq. A cyclopaedia which possesses a unique feature in being printed in a language different from that of the country of its publication, is Prof. A. J. Schem's DeutscJi-Amerikanisches Conver- sations-Lexicon, now (1873) in course of. publi-