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 568 CUMBERLAND Cumberland principally rests. In style and arrangement it is very defective ; it was printed in a most slovenly manrier, and the numberless issues have not been corrected in subsequent reprints. Cumberland left an interleaved copy with some corrections and additions, which came into the possession of Bentley, who revised the whole. This copy was presented to the library of Trinity college, Cambridge, by the great-grandson of the author. In 1701 an abridged translation by James Tyrrel was pub- lished, and in 1727" a translation with some origi- nal dissertations by Maxwell. In 1744 M. Bar- beyrac published a French translation of Bent- ley's copy. * In 1750 appeared a third Eng- lish translation by the Rev. John Towers, D. D. In this work Cumberland maintains that the tendency to effect the general good is the standard of morality and politics, and the en- deavor to promote that good is the highest duty of man and the best means of pleasing God. In 1686 he published a work on Jewish weights and measures. Two works of his were edited and published after his death by his chaplain, Mr. Payne : one a translation of the fragments of Sanchoniathon's history, a work now believed to be a forgery, but which Cum- berland defended and explained in a series of dissertations; and the other Origines Gentium Antiquissima, or "Attempts for Discovering the Times of the first Planting of Nations." The former appeared in 1720, the latter in 1724. Though written with great learning, modern critical scholarship has rendered them of little value. II* Richard, an English drama- tist, great-grandson of the preceding, born in Cambridge, Feb. 19, 1732, died in London, May 7, 1811. His connections procured him an early introduction into political life; and after having filled the office of secretary to Lord Halifax, with other minor appointments, he was in 1775 made secretary of the board of trade, an office which was abolished in 1782, when he received a compensation allowance. He published "The Observer," a series of essays, largely based on the manuscripts of his maternal grandfather Dr. Richard Bentley, in which was displayed considerable classical learning, with much wit and elegant composi- tion. The most successful of his numerous dramatic pieces were " The West Indian " and " The Wheel of Fortune." He was a copious writer on a great variety of subjects, and among his works are several novels and a col- lection of anecdotes of Spanish painters. He published his memoirs in 1806. CUMBERLAND, William Angnstns, duke of, third son of George II. of England, born April 15, 1721, died at Windsor, Oct. 31, 1765. He was wounded at the battle of Dettingen in 1743, and in 1745 he received the command of the allied army, and fought the battle of Fontenoy against Marshal Saxe, in which the French were victorious. He was next sent against the pretender in Scotland, whom he overthrew at the battle of Culloden ; but the glory of CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIANS this victory was stained by the cruelties and excesses of the victors. He was afterward appointed by the king commander-in-chief of the British army, and sent to the Netherlands ; was defeated at Lafeldt by Marshal Saxe in 1747, and gained no advantages in this war, which was terminated by the peace of Aix- la-Chapelle. At the commencement of the seven years' war the duke .of Cumberland was despatched to Germany, when the vic- tory of Marshal d'Estrees at Hastenbeck forced him to the convention of Closter Seven (1757), by which the English army, 40,000 strong, was disarmed and disbanded, and Han- over was placed at the mercy of the French, who ravaged it at their will. On his return to England the king was so dissatisfied that the duke threw up his appointments, and was never again invited to take office. For the duke of Cumberland, afterward king of Han- over, see ERNEST AUGUSTUS. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, that portion of the Appalachian group which ranges along the S. W. border of Virginia and the S. E. of Ken- tucky, and thence passes across the state of Tennessee into the N. E. part of Alabama. It spreads over a width of about 50 m., parallel ridges alternating with longitudinal valleys. The ridges rarely exceed 2,000 ft. in height. They are rocky and little cultivated, but the valleys are fertile. These mountains lie west of the range of granite and metamorphic rocks which compose the mountains on the W. bor- ders of North Carolina and the N. part of Georgia. They are upon the range of the great coal formation of the middle states, and essen- tially composed of the same groups of stratified rocks as those of the Alleghany mountains, Chestnut ridge, and Laurel hill in Pennsylvania. The Tennessee river and its branches drain the E. slopes until it crosses the range, flowing toward the Ohio, like the Cumberland, the sources of which are on the W. side. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIANS, a denomina- tion of Christians which took its rise during the religious revival in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1801 -'3. So great was the excitement, and so vast were the multitudes who came from all parts of the country to the camp meetings, that it was found impossible to supply the de- mand for ministers, and laymen were appointed to preach by the presbytery of Transylvania. Their reception, however, was strenuously op- posed by some of the clergy, and they were re- fused ordination. A new presbytery which was formed in 1803 in the southern part of the state, denominated the Cumberland presbytery, subse- quently received them and granted them ordi- nation, at the same time taking on trial as li- centiates others of similar qualifications. The action of the presbytery in this matter was reviewed by the synod of Kentucky, which denied its validity, and appointed a commis- sion to examine the newly ordained ministers both in regard to their attainments and the doctrines which they held. The result was,