Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume V.djvu/554

 550 CUBA is 22,200 of both sexes, of whom 21,000 are white and 1,200 colored. Two thirds of the whole receive education free. The proportion of those who can read and write, exclusive of Chinese, is : white males, 45 per cent. ; white females, 35 per cent; colored males, 5 per cent. ; colored females, 6 per cent. The num- ber of newspapers, political and literary, pub- lished in 1868, was 39, distributed as follows: in Havana, 21 ; in Santiago de Cuba, 5 ; in Matan- zas, 3 ; in Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, and Santo Espiritu, 2 each ; in Cardenas, Remedies, Tri- nidad, and Puerto Principe, 1 each. In 1869, during the few days of the liberty of the press granted by Gen. Dulce, 40 new journals were started in Havana alone ; but of many of these one number only was issued. Of the Verdad (" Truth "), which from its form and matter might aspire to the rank of a political news- paper, three numbers appeared and 14,000 cop- ies were sold each day, an unprecedented oc- currence in Havana. The history of literature in Cuba begins with the revival of belles-lettres in the time of Charles III. The prominent names in general literature in the 18th century are Francisco de Arango and Tomas Komay ; a part of the works of the latter belong to the next century. In the 19th century figure Fre- derico de Armas, Anastasio Carrillo, Jose de Frias, Manuel Costales, Ramon Zambrana, and Gaspar Betancourt, better known as El Luga- reno. The Cuban poets of the 18th century are Rubalcaba of Santiago de Cuba, and Manuel Zequicha of Havana ; of this century, Jose M. Heredia, Placido, Milanes, and many others. Of sacred writers and moralists, T. Barea, Rafael de Castillo y Sucre, Francisco del Cristo, Felix Veranes, Jose Agustin Caballero, and Father Gonzales belong to the last century ; in the present century Felix Varela, Father Oliva, and Friar Remigio Cernados are the most dis- tinguished. In philosophy the same Father Caballero was prominent in the 18th century ; in the present, the principal writers are Felix Varela, professor of modern philosophy in Cuba and in many other parts of Spanish America, and formerly vicar apostolic of New York, Jose de la Luz Caballero, and Jos6 Gonzales del Valle. As jurisconsults, the lights of the 18th century are Francisco Conde, Pedro Ayala, and Rafael Gonzales; of the 19th, Francisco de Armas, Jose A. Govantes, Anacleto Bermudez, Jos6 Antonio Cintra, Isidro Carbonell, and many others. The historians of the 18th century are Arrati and Urrutia; of the 19th, A. Valdez, Jps6 Arango y Castillo, and the writers of the historical bureau of the economical society. Dramatic literature was little cultivated in the last century. The only work which was often represented on the stage was the Principe jar- dinerc, by Father Jos6 Rodriguez (a) Capacho, who was also a poet and a satirical writer. In this century, the poet Milanes produced the Conde de Alarcon. Some European writers resident in Cuba have enriched her literature, such as Pablo Boloix, Pedro A. Auber, Father Velez, and others. In the fine arts Vermay and Perouani have been distinguished. Of all these writers, whose names are taken from the Biblioteca Guyana of 1869, none are now living. Cuba, with the islands dependent upon it, forms the captain-generalcy of La Habana, which is subject in all branches of the adminis- tration to one authority, the representative of the Spanish sovereignty, who has the unlimited powers of a general in time of war, and is accountable only to the home government by which he is appointed. He is assisted by an administrative council, also chosen by the su- preme government, whose opinion is taken in certain cases, chiefly in matters of finance. The division of the island is sixfold, civil, military, naval, fiscal, judicial, and ecclesiasti- cal. In its civil or political aspect the whole island is under the command of a governor-in- chief (gobernador superior), who is always the captain general ; and is divided into five gov- ernorships, as follows : La Habana, Matanzas, the Central or Puerto Principe, the Eastern or Santiago de Cuba, and the Western. Each of these departments is in charge of a lieutenant governor, and they are subdivided into 33 political districts. The captain general has also military command of the entire island. The military divisions are three, the Western, Central, and Eastern, the respective capitals of which are Havana, Puerto Principe, and Santiago de Cuba. Of the first the captain general has the sole charge; the second is commanded by the governor of Puerto Prin- cipe, the third by the governor of Santiago de Cuba. These departments are subdivided into eight comandancias generales, viz. : Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Moron, El Principe, Holguin, and Cuba. There are also various comandancias de armas. The naval government is in charge of a comman- dant general, whose headquarters (apostadero) are in Havana. It is divided into five prov- inces, Havana, San Juan de los Remedies, Nuevitas, Santiago de Cuba, and Cienfuegos. These are subdivided into subdelegaciones. Each province is under the command of an adjutant (ayudante), and each subdelegation of an alcalde de mar. The fiscal administra- tion consists of a central bureau of. taxes and seven local districts, which are Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Trinidad, Puerto Principe, and Santiago de Cuba. The captain general is the general superintendent of finance. Judicially the island is divided into two audiencias: the pretorial court of Havana, which comprises the western part, including Remedies and Santo Espiritu; and that of Santiago de Cuba, the eastern portion. These are subdivided into 25 judicial districts, each of which is in charge of a local judge or justice of the peace. The ecclesiastical di- visions are two, the Eastern diocese, which is ruled by the archbishop of Santiago de Cuba, and the Western, by the bishop of Ha- vana. They are reciprocally courts of appeal,