Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume V.djvu/538

 534 CRUVELLI CRYPTO-CALVINISTS tive (1851), and Traite cTanatomie patholo- gique generale (5 vols., 1849-'54). UU'Y KLLI, Sophie, Baroness Vigier, a German vocalist, born in Bielefeld, Prussia, Aug. 29, 1 824. Her family name was Cruwell, which she Italianized into Ouvelli. Her musical educa- tion was acquired in Paris, but she made her debut upon the German stage, to which her reputation was confined for several years. She afterward sang in Milan, Venice, and other Italian cities. In 1852 she made her first ap- pearance in London at the Queen's theatre, and was successful. Her voice, a soprano of great strength and purity, her dramatic powers, youth, beauty, and commanding person, created an extraordinary enthusiasm, and both in Lon- don and in Paris, which she visited the same year, she became perhaps the most popular singer of the day. In 1856 she was married to the baron Vigier, and abandoned the stage. Ahmed Pasha, son of Meheinet Ali, left her a fortune of 1,000,000 francs, and an almost equal sum in diamonds. CRUZ, Juana Inez de la, a Mexican poetess, born near the city of Mexico, Nov. 12, 1651, died April 17, 1695. She was quick at ac- quiring knowledge, and spoke and wrote Latin fluently. She early entered the convent of St. Jerome in Mexico, where she remained till her death. During her life she was called the "tenth muse," and in Spain, where she is known as the "nun of Mexico," her poems have been popular. Her writings have been collected in 2 vols. 4to. CRYOLITE (Gr. /ep6of, ice, and MOos, stone), a mineral so named from its fusibility in the flame of a candle. It is a compound of sodium, fluorine, and aluminum, and is used for the pre- paration of the metal aluminum.. Large quan- tities are imported into England for this and other purposes from Greenland, where it was discovered by a missionary and carried to Co- penhagen. It was supposed to be sulphate of barytes until examined by Abildgaard, who found it to contain fluoric acid. Klaproth afterward detected soda. It is a snow-white mineral, partially transparent, of vitreous lus- tre and brittle texture. Its hardness is 2*5 ; sp. gr. 3. It cleaves in three directions, two of which are rectangular. It occurs in veins in gneiss with pyrites and galena, and has been found at Arksut in western Greenland, and at Miyask in the Ural. At the former place it constitutes a mass 80 ft. thick and 300 ft. long, included between layers of gneiss, and associated with argentiferous galena and cop- per and iron pyrites. Cryolite is extensively employed in the United States in the manufac- ture of a white porcelain glass, and also in the preparation of caustic soda ; 5,000 tons per annum are imported for these purposes. CRYPTO-CALVINISTS, a name given to the followers of Philip Melanchthon (also called Melanchthonians and Philippists), as distin- guished from the strict Lutherans, in the contro- versy (1552-' 74) concerning the doctrine of the Lord's supper. Melanchthon desired a union of the Lutheran and Calvinistic divisions of the Protestant body. He himself inclined toward the Calvinistic view, as appears in the differ- ence between the Augsburg Confession variata (1542) and the invariata (1530). In the lat- ter it is stated that "the body and blood of Christ are truly present in the Lord's supper (in the form of bread and wine), and are there distributed and received ; therefore the oppo- site doctrine is rejected." In the variata (Latin of 1540) the reading is cum pane et vino vere exhibentur corpus et sanguis Christi vescenti- bus in ccena Domini; but the rejection of the "opposite doctrine" is omitted. This alter- ation Luther did not approve, although he tol- erated Melanchthon's position. But many Lu- therans were less tolerant, and Melanchthon was accused of being a concealed (crypto-) Calvin- ist. Melanchthon did not think that either Luther's or Calvin's view should be a bar to communion, but considered the doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ's body, which was made an essential of admission by the church in Wiir- temberg, unnecessarily introduced " in provin- cial Latin." He never quarrelled with Luther, but the controversy grew bitter even during his life, and after his death in 1560 became a violent strife. It was opened formally in 1552, when Joachim Westphal, a preacher in Ham- burg, proclaimed the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's supper heretical. It was especially vio- lent at Bremen, between Tileman Heshusius, and Albert Hardenberg, the cathedral preach- er, who defended Calvinism, and was dismissed from his place. In 1558 Heshusius was made general superintendent at Heidelberg, where he detected crypto-Calvinism in Deacon Wilhelm Krebitz. The persecuted doctrine, however, prevailed; Frederick III., elector palatine, went over to the Reformed church, and Lutheranism was expelled from Heidelberg and Bremen. Christoph, duke of Wurtemberg, tried to allay the strife, and succeeded in 1561 in obtaining from the diet of princes the recognition of the altered Augsburg "Confession. In 1563 Fred- erick III. incorporated the Heidelberg cate- chism into the state law, introducing thus a mixed doctrine of Melanchthonian tendency. In the Saxon electorate the Wittenberg and Leipsic theologians undertook a like combina- tion, and were favored by many followers of Melanchthon. Jena, on the other hand, was the centre of extreme Lutheran views, and in a conference of both parties at Altenburg (Oc- tober, 1568, to March, 1569), the most intem- perate accusations were made. A conference called by the elector Augustus of Saxony, at Dresden, Oct. 7-10, 1571, agreed to the Consen- sus Dresdensis and the Wittenberg catechism, which opposed the doctrine of ubiquity, but used Lutheran language. In 1574 an anony- mous Calvinistic work, Exegesis perspicua et ferme Integra Controversies de Sacra Ccena, re- opened the strife. The elector finally resolved to suppress Calvinism, and Peucer, Melanch-