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 CRUIKSHANK CRUSADES 527 III. Henry, brother of the preceding, born in New York in 1739, died there, April 24, 1827. He early went with his father to England, and engaged with him in business in Bristol, suc- ceeding to the control of the business on his father's death in 1780. In 1774 he was elected to parliament from that city, Edmund Burke being his colleague, with whom he agreed in fa- voring a conciliatory policy toward the Ameri- cans. He succeeded his father as mayor of Bristol in 1781. Upon the return of peace he came to New York, where he was a merchant, and was elected to the state senate while yet a member of the British parliament. CRUIKSHANK, George, an English caricaturist, born in London, Sept. 27, 1792. His father and elder brother were engravers, and occasion- ally practised caricaturing. It is said that he thought of following the theatrical profession, and appeared several times upon the stage while yet a young man. He certainly possessed con- siderable dramatic talent, and in after years appeared in the amateur performances institu- ted by Mr. Dickens. His earliest designs were in illustration of juvenile and song books. He obtained admission to the royal academy, then under the superintendence of Fuseli; but all the seats were occupied, and he did not again attempt to enter as a student, though he often appeared as an exhibitor. He was next en- gaged in the publication of a monthly periodi- cal called "The Scourge," and another, "The Meteor," for which he furnished the illustrations. He was an ardent liberal, and became exten- sively known as a political caricaturist. From 1819 to 1821 he illustrated a number of polit- ical publications; among others, a series of squibs on the public and private life of the prince regent, and the marriage and trial of Queen Caroline. He had in the mean time been also engaged in illustrating a work called " Life in London," written by Pierce Egan and intended to warn young men against the dangers of what is called " seeing life." But the moral aim of the artist was not kept in view by the author, and Cruikshank abandoned the work before its completion. It had, however, a great sale both in England and America. From 1824 for nearly 30 years he produced a great number of works exhibiting the highest qualities of comic genius; also many serious works, among the most noteworthy of which are his illustra- tions of Maxwell's "History of Ireland." A vast number of novels, almanacs, poems, mag- azines, &c., have been illustrated by his prolific pencil. In 1842 he published the first number of " Cruikshank's Omnibus," the letterpress edited by Laman Blanchard. In many of his earlier works, such as the "Gin Shop," the "Upas Tree," the "Gin Juggernaut," and others, he had snown a desire to make his genius contribute to the cause of morality. In 1847 he published a series of eight prints en- titled "The Bottle," powerfully depicting the evils of intemperance. They were immensely popular, and were dramatized and exhibited in 239 VOL. v. 34 eight London theatres at the same time. These were followed by other works having the same tendency. He became himself a convert to the doctrine of total abstinence, and as an ar- tist, speaker, and writer has contributed great- ly to the advancement of the cause. In his later years he devoted much of his time to oil painting, and showed considerable skill and power. One of his paintings, " Disturbing the Congregation," was purchased by Prince Al- bert, and has been engraved ; another, " The Worship of Bacchus," was exhibited to the queen at Westminster in 1863, and has also been engraved, the figures being all outlined by Cruikshank himself. CRUIKSHANK, or Cruiekshanks, William, a Scot- tish anatomist, born in Edinburgh in 1745, died in London, June 27, 1800. After having stud- ied from 1764 to 1771 at Glasgow, he went to London with a letter of introduction to William Hunter, who appointed him librarian, and af- terward his assistant. After Dr. Hunter's death he continued in concert with Dr. Baillie to preside over his school. His "Anatomy of the Absorbent Vessels" (1786) attracted much attention among medical men in England and on the continent. In opposition to the views of Haller, he asserted that when portions of nerves are cut out of living animals they may be reproduced. His paper on this subject was published in the "Transactions" of the royal society for 1794. His memoir on yellow fever which toward the end of the 18th century pre- vailed in the United States, and especially in Philadelphia, was published in the latter city in 1798. He is the author of other medical writings, of which the most important are those on insensible perspiration. CRUSADE (Port, cruzado), a Portuguese coin, either of gold or silver, named from the cross, and palm leaves arranged in the form of a cross, which figure upon it. The first crusades were struck off in 1457, on the publication of a bull by Pope Calixtus III. for a crusade against the Turks. The silver crusades are called old or new, according as they were struck before or since 1722. The old are worth 400 reis (about 60 cents), and the new 480 reis. CRUSADES (Fr. croisade), the name given to the expeditions by which the Christian nations of Europe, in the llth, 12th, and 13th centu- ries, sought to recover Palestine from the Mus- sulmans. The Holy Land was among the early conquests of the Saracens, the caliph Omar having taken Jerusalem A. D. 637. Thus all the places most sacred in the eyes of Christians passed under the control of the votaries of a new religion ; and though some of the Saracenic rulers treated pilgrims humanely, others be- haved tyrannically. The Abbassides were a superior race, and the most famous caliph of that line, Haroun al-Rashid, sent the keys of Jerusalem to his great occidental contempo- rary, Charlemagne, which assured the safety of Christian visitors to that city. The holy sepulchre and the church of the resurrection