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 474 CREMNITZ CRENIC ACID about 1830, but was not fortunate there in his first important forensic effort as counsel for Guernon-Ranville, a minister of Charles X., who had been arraigned as one of the authors of the ordinances of July, 1830. Overcome by the excitement of the occasion, he fainted, and was unable to continue the defence. But he soon regained his prestige in the courts, and after having purchased from Odilon Barrot his office and function as advocate, he defended with great ability Armand Marrast, Raspail, and other republicans prosecuted by the govern- ment. In 1840 he visited Turkey and Egypt, and procured the acquittal of the Jews of Da- mascus, who had been accused of the murder of a Catholic priest. He took his seat in the cham- ber of deputies in 1842 on the extreme left, supported free-trade principles, and contrib- uted not a little to pave the way for the revo- lution of 1848. When this at last broke out, he told Louis Philippe and his queen that there was no hope left, and recommended them to leave France immediately. He then proceeded to the chamber of deputies, inclined to support the regency of the duchess of Or- leans; but when this became impossible, he proposed a provisional government, of which he was appointed a member, the ministry of jus- tice being intrusted to his charge. On June 7 he left the government in consequence of the prosecution ordered by the constituent assem- bly against Louis Blanc, whom he defended, but remained a member of the assembly, in which he held a seat for the department of Indre-et-Loire. On Dec. 10 he voted for Louis Napoleon's election to the presidency. Re- turned to the legislative assembly, he was soon conspicuous among the opponents of the presi- dent, and frequently voted with the extreme left. He was arrested at the execution of the coup d'etat, Dec. 2, 1851, but was soon liber- ated. He took no further part in politics until early in 1869, when he was an opposition can- didate for the corps legislatif ; he was defeated by his official opponent, but was elected from another district in Paris in November of that year. He opposed the plebiscite of April, 1870, and was one of the 17 members who signed the "anti-plebiscitary address." When, after the surrender of Napoleon at Sedan, the gov- ernment of national defence was formed, Cr6- mieux was named minister of justice, and was one of the members of the government dele- gation at Tours, and subsequently at Bordeaux. He resigned Feb. 10, 1871, and subsequently urged the payment of the war debt by means of voluntary contributions, offering 100,000 francs as his personal contribution. In 1873 he was elected a member of the national as- sembly by the city of Algiers. tit 01 M 17. See KREMNITZ. CREMONA. I. A province of N. Italy, bor- dering on the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia, Mantua, Parma, Piacenza, and Milan, and bounded S. by the Po ; area, 670 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 300,595. It is divided into the dis- tricts of Casalmaggiore, Creina, and Cremona, and contains 135 communes. The principal products are flax, wine, oil, cattle, and horses. Silk is the most important manufacture. The province formed part of the duchy of Milan till 1800, and afterward under the French constituted the eastern part of the department of Alto-Po till 1814, when it came into pos- session of Austria, by whom it was ceded to Italy with the rest of Lombardy in 1859. II. A city, capital of the province, on the Po, 46 m. S. E. of Milan; pop. in 1872, 30,919. It contains 45 churches, of which the cathedral, begun in 1107, consecrated in 1190, but not finally completed till 1606, is the most re- markable; it shows the different styles of architecture which prevailed during this long period, the Lombard predominating. Lanzi says' that it rivals the pictorial magnificence of the Sistine chapel at Rome. The greatest architectural celebrity of Cremona, however, is the Torazzo, or belfry tower, ending in a spire, the highest of all the towers in N. Italy, reach- ing the elevation of 396 ft. There are also many sumptuous palaces with fine picture gal- leries, and a campo santo, now used as the re- pository of the archives, which contains an underground vault and a curious mosaic pave- ment. Cremona contains a citadel, a gymna- sium, a lyceum, an academy of fine arts, infant schools (founded here in 1829, previous to their establishment in any other Italian town), and schools opened at certain hours on Sundays and other holy days. It carries on an exten- sive trade by means of the Po, and the various canals communicating with that river. Cre- mona was a- Roman colony, founded in 219 B. C. ; it was often attacked by hostile Gallic tribes, and was destroyed by them in 193. In A. D. 69 it was plundered and burned by the troops of Vespasian, who subsequently rebuilt it. In later periods it was often conquered, and had many misfortunes. It was conspicu- ous by its revolutionary zeal in 1848, when it drove out the Austrian garrison, but was re- occupied by Radetzky. In the 17th and 18th centuries Cremona became famous for the violins made there. tKEMt ACID, and donates (Gr. Kpfoq, a spring or fountain), an acid and its compounds, so named by Berzelius from having been first found by him in spring water, being among the products of vegetable decomposition and constituents of humus. This acid and the apo- crenic acid associated with it differ from the extract of mould or geine of Berzelius in con- taining ^nitrogen. Liebig, Graham, and other distinguished chemists do not recognize the existence of this substance. The following de- scription is given of it as obtained by Berze- lius: a sour, yellow mass, reddening litmus, soluble in water and alcohol; forming salts (crenates) with bases, which salts are soluble in water, but not in alcohol ; obtained from ochreous sediments by boiling with caustic pot- ash, saturating with acetic acid, and precipita-