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 454 CRAFTS CRAIK a provisional government organized under Tys- sowski as dictator. The early detection of the conspiracy in the duchy of Posen, the easy sup- pression of the outbreak in Russian Poland, and particularly the great catastrophe in western Galicia, where the peasantry massacred the insurgent nobility with their followers and families, soon annihilated the hopes of the friends of Poland. Three armies were ap- proaching. Thus pressed, the small body of Poles surrendered to the Prussians (March 3), and the republic of Cracow was soon after annexed to Austria by a resolution of the three protectors. Tyssowski went into- exile, and died at Washington in 1857. Thus the stipu- lation of the congress of Vienna, which guar- anteed the "perpetual freedom and indepen- dence " of the last small remnant of Poland, was set aside by three of the eight contract- ing powers, without the consent of the others. France and England protested in vain. The movements of 1848 but slightly disturbed the peace of Cracow. Since the reorganization of Austria in 1867, the city has again become one of the principal centres of the Polish nationality. CRAFTS, Samuel Chandler, an American senator, born at Woodstock, Conn., Oct. 6, 1768, died at Craftsbury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. He graduated at Harvard college in 1790, in which year his father removed to Vermont. In 1792 he was elected town clerk of Craftsbury, and held that office for 37 successive years, although during that time he filled many other offices. From 1801 to 1805 he was at the same time town clerk, register of probate, assistant judge of the county court, and representative in the state legislature. He was chief judge 1810- '16, member of congress 1817-'25, chief judge again 1825-'8, and governor of the state 1828- '30. He was the youngest member of the con- vention which formed the constitution of the state in 1793, and he presided over the con- stitutional convention of 1829, being at the same time governor. He was appointed by the governor in 1842 to fill a vacancy in the United States senate, and on the convening of the general assembly was elected for the re- mainder of the terra, retiring in 1843. CRAFTS, William, an American lawyer and author, born in Charleston, S. 0., Jan. 24, 1787, died at Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1826. He graduated at Harvard college in 1805, practised law in Charleston, and was several times a member of the state legislature. He was editor of the Charleston "Courier," and a favorite orator on public occasions, and in 1817 delivered the Phi Beta Kappa address at Cambridge. He wrote a few poems, chiefly local or humorous in character. A selection from his writings in prose and verse, including several orations, was published at Charleston in 1828, with a memoir of his life by the Rev. Samuel Gilman. CRAIG, a S. W. county of Virginia, named from Craig's creek, by the sources of which it is drained ; area, about 250 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,942, of whom 230 were colored. The surface is mountainous, and the principal range of the Alleghanies extends along the N. W. border. The valleys are generally fertile, and produce corn, wheat, oats, and hay. The chief productions in 1870 were 23,854 bushels of wheat, 44,242 of Indian corn, 31,486 of oats, 1,605 tons of hay, and 48,080 Ibs. of butter. There were 952 horses, 1,049 milch cows, 1,912 other cattle, 3,106 sheep, and 3,442 swipe. Capital, New Castle. CRAIGHEAD, a N. E. county of Arkansas, touching Missouri at its N. E. corner, and in- tersected by Lake St. Francis; area, 950 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,577, of whom 253 were colored. It is drained by Cache and L'Anguille rivers and Bayou Devieu. Crowley's ridge extends through the centre. The surface is level, and the soil in parts fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 7,619 bushels of wheat, 122,395 of Indian corn, 12,498 of sweet potatoes, 1,298 bales of cotton, and 13,238 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 1,016 horses, 1,703 milch cows, 3,012 other cattle, 2,396 sheep, and 8,448 swine. Capital, Jonesboro. CRAIK, Dinah Maria Mulock, an English author- ess, more generally known by her maiden name of Mulock, born in Stoke-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, in 1826. She is the daughter of a clergyman of the established church, and pub- lished in 1849 her first novel, "The Ogilvies," a work containing subtle delineations of char- acter and life-like scenes, and which was well received by the public.' It was followed in 1850 by " Olive," which proved no less popu- lar, and in 1851 by " The Head of the Family," a story of Scottish Me in the middle classes, and a fairy tale entitled "Alice Learmont." In 1852 appeared " Agatha's Husband," " Avil- lion and other Tales," and a number of stories and books for young people. In 1857 was published "John Halifax, Gentleman," which greatly enhanced her reputation as an earnest writer and a keen portrayer of character. An edition of her fugitive poems appeared in 1860. Since then she has written many works, among which are : " A Life for a Life," " Christian's Mistake," "Two Marriages," and "A Noble Life " (1866) ; " The Unkind Word, and other Stories" (1869); "Fair France: Impressions of a Traveller" (1870); "Little Sunshine's Holiday: a Picture from Life," and "Han- nah " (1871). Besides these she has published collections of fugitive papers, entitled "Ro- mantic Tales," "Domestic Tales," "Nothing New," "Studies from Life," "A Woman's Thoughts about Women," and a number of books for youth, including " Cola Monti, or the Story of a Genuis," "A Hero," "Little Lychetts," "Our Year," "Bread upon the Waters," &c. In 1864 a literary pension of 60 a year was awarded to Miss Mulock ; and in 1865 she was married to Mr. George Lillie Craik, the younger. Her books have been regularly reprinted in the United States, where they are widely read and appreciated.