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 250 CONNECTICUT New York. The northern line, as originally run, measured 88 m., viz., 41 m. E. of Connec- ticut river, and 47 m. W. ; the eastern line, 45 m. ; the western line, 72 m. by the indirect course near the southern extremity, or 68 in a direct line. The average length of the state is 86 m., and the average breadth 55 m. Its area is 4,750 sq. m. It lies between lat. 41 and 42 3' N., and Ion. 71 55' and 73 50' "W. The state contains 8 counties and 166 towns. Of the former, Hartford, New Haven, New London, and Fairfield were incorporated in 1666, Windham in 1726, Litchfield in 1751, Middlesex and Tollandin 1785. Four counties border on Massachusetts and four on Long Island sound. The cities are: New Haven, pop. in 1870,50,840; Hartford, 37,180; Bridgeport, 18,969; Norwich, 16 V 653 ; Waterbury, 10,826; New London, 9,576; and Middletown, 6,923. Connecticut until 1873 had two capitals, Hart- ford and New Haven, the legislature meeting alternately at each; but in that year it was State Seal of Connecticut after much discussion decided that Hartford should be the capital. Many of the boroughs and villages of the state are extensively engaged in manufactures and commerce. The chief of these are New Britain, Danbury, Willimantic, Clinton, Sharon, Meriden, Collinsville, Bristol, Salisbury, Naugatuck, Norfolk, Greenville, and Windsor Locks. Stamford, Norwalk, Guilford, and Stonington have considerable coasting trade. The population of Connecticut in 1679 was 12,535 ; in 1756, 131,805 ; in 1762, 145,666 ; in 1774, 197,856; in 1782, 208,870. At subse- quent decennial periods the population and the comparative rank of the state in the Union have been as follows : YEARS. White. Free colored. Slave. Total. Rank. 1790... 1800 282,374 244721 2,808 5 380 2,764 q7K 1fi 1840 80L856 8 105 I860 363 099 7^.98 070 YQO 01 1860 451 520 8627

9A 1870 527,509 9^668 537 454 25 Of the total population in 1870, 265,270 were males and 272,184 females; 423,815 were na- tive born, of whom 344,254 were born in the state, and 113,639 foreign born. Of the for- eigners, 10,861 were born in British America, 13,001 in England, 70,630 in Ireland, 3,238 in Scotland, 12,443 in Germany, and 820 in France. The density of population was 113-15 to a square mile. There were 114,981 fami- lies with an average of 4 - 67 persons to each, and 96,880 dwellings with an average of 5'55 persons to each. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 16*8 per cent. The number of male citizens 21 years old and up- ward was 127,499. There were in the state 125,409 persons between the ages of 4 and 16 years ; the total number attending school was 99,663 ; 19,680, 10 years old and upward, were unable to read, and 29,616 could not write. Of the latter 5,678 were of native and 23,938 of foreign birth ; 12,374 were males and 17,244 females; 27,941 were white and 1,675 colored; 2,661 were from 10 to 15 years old, 2,923 from 15 to 21, and 24,004 were 21 and over, of whom 8,990 were white males, 13,683 white females, 627 colored males, and 704 colored females. There were 4 adults unable to write to every 100 inhabitants. The number of pau- pers supported during the year ending June 30, 1870, was 1,728, at a cost of $189,918. Of the total number (1,705) receiving support June 1, 1870, 1,237 were natives and 468 foreigners. The number of persons convicted of crime du- ring the year was 450. Of the total number (430) in prison June 1, 1870, 278 were of na- tive and 152 of foreign birth. The state con- tained 252 blind, 475 deaf and dumb, 772 in- sane, and 341 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years of age and over (425,896) there were engaged in all occupations 193,421 persons, of whom 159,460 were males and 33,961 females; in agriculture, 43,653, including 18,934 agricul- tural laborers, 23,704 farmers and planters, and 865 gardeners and nurserymen ; in professional and personal services, 38,704, of whom 908 were clergymen, 15,104 domestic servants, 13,- 017 laborers (not specified), 391 lawyers, 680 physicians and surgeons, and 2,711 teachers (not specified); in trade and transportation, 24,720 ; in manufactures, mechanical and mi- ning industries, 86,344, including 2,698 black- smiths, 2,540 shoemakers, 7,130 carpenters and joiners, 9,057 cotton-mill operatives, 3,148 machinists, 4,515 mill and factory operatives (not specified), 1,279 sewing-machine factory operatives, and 4,499 woollen-mill operatives. According to the report of the state librarian to the general assembly, there were registered during the year ending Jan. 1, 1871, 13,136 births, an increase of 655 over the number re- gistered in any previous year ; ratio of births to the population 1 in 40*9. There were 105 illegitimate, 1 to each 125'1 births, and 141 plurality births. The number of marriages was 4,871, an increase of 117 over the previous year, the ratio being 1 in every 55-2 of the