Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/842

 822 KnODAVENDIGHIAR KHOKAN domes, and contains the tomb of Polvan, the patron saint of the city. The mosque attached to the khan's palace has a high round tower ornamented with arabesques. Among the medreses (colleges), that of Mohammed Emin Khan is probably the largest. It was built in The Mosque of the Palace of Khiva. 1843 by a Persian architect after the model of a Persian caravansary. It has accommodation for 300 students. See Stumm, Aus CMwa (Berlin, 1874) ; Veniukoff, Die Russisch-Asia- tischen Grenzlande (translated from the Rus- sian by Kramer, Leipsic, 1874 et seq.) ; Vam- bery, " Central Asia and the Anglo-Russian Frontier Question " (London, 1874) ; Spalding, " Khiva and Turkestan " (London, 1874) ; and MacGahan, " Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva" (London, 1874). K HIM! U'MHI.III Ht. a vilayet of Asiatic Tur- key, bounded N. by the sea of Marmora ; pop. about 1,100,000. It is traversed by lofty moun- tains, including the Keshish Dagh (anc. Olym- pus), and by tributaries of the Sakaria river, and has numerous lakes, that of Abullonia being the most remarkable. It abounds in grain and fruit, and produces cotton and silk. It comprises the 8. part of ancient Bithynia, Mysia, and the western portions of Phrygia. Capital, Brusa. K HOI, a town of Persia, in the province of Azerbijan, situated in a fertile valley watered by the Kotura, an affluent of the Aras, N. of Lake Urumiah, 70 m. N. W. of Tabriz ; pop. about 20,000. It is strongly fortified and one of the most attractive Persian towns, with many mosques, a fine caravansary, and a khan's palace. There is a considerable caravan trade to Erzerum. Woollen and cotton goods are manufactured, and the principal products are grain, cotton, and fruits. The Persians, numbering 30,000, were overwhelmed here by a Turkish army of 180,000 men in 1514. k IIOk V, or Kokand. I. A country of cen- tral Asia, one of the three great khanates of West Turkistan or Independent Tartary, lying between lat. 39 and 43 N., and Ion. 69 and 75 E. ; bounded S. W., W., K, and N. E. by the new Russian province of Sir Darya, E. and S. E. by East Turkistan, and S. by the Pamir plateau and Karateghin. It is enclosed by lof- ty snow-covered mountain ranges on the south and southeast, dividing the basin of the Amoo Darya or Oxus from that of the Sir Darya (the ancient Jaxartes), which is the princi- pal river of Khokan, receiving all its streams. The precise area of the khanate is unknown, I but it is largely comprised in an almond-shap- I ed valley about 165 m. long and with an ex- advance in 1864, the fertile valley of the Sir Darya as far N". W. as Tashkend was included within its boundaries, but at present the west- ern frontier of Khokan crosses the river be- tween the capital and the city of Khojend. The general elevation of the country exceeds 1,500 ft. above the sea level. The winter is severe in the mountainous tracts, but a milder climate prevails in the main valley, where but little snow falls. In summer the heat is ex- cessive during the day, but the nights are cool. The most fertile portion of the khanate is the rich territory about the city of Andijan, near the centre of the country, formerly known as the province of Ferghana ; but irrigation is extensively practised, and the soil throughout the country is extremely productive. The ce- reals are wheat, barley, and rice; there is a large cotton crop ; and hemp, flax, sorghum, peas, beans, madder, and tobacco are also cul- tivated. Khokan is noted for the excellence and variety of its fruits. The manufacture of a fine quality of silk is a leading branch of industry. In 1872 the chief articles of export were cotton, of which about 8,000,000 Ibs. were sent to Russia, and silk, of which the same country received about 200,000 Ibs. Many districts afford pasturage for large and thriving herds of horses, asses, horned cattle, sheep, and camels. Coal, iron, naphtha, and petroleum are known to exist in the moun- tains ; turquoises of an inferior quality and greenish hue are also found. The population is estimated at 3,000,000, and includes Uzbecks, who are the military and dominant class, Ta- jiks, Kirghiz, and Kiptchaks. A commercial treaty between Khokan and Russia was nego- tiated in 1868, and the khanate is virtually under Russian protection and control. (See TDRKISTAN.) II. A city, capital of the khan- ate, situated in a beautiful valley a short dis- tance S. of the Sir Darya, about 220 m. E. N. E. of Samarcand, 1,540 ft. above the level of the sea. According to Vamb6ry, it is three times as large as Bokhara and six times as large as Khiva. Estimates of the population vary from 30,000 to 60,000. There are four stone mosques in the city, and numerous ba- zaars in which Russian goods are sold, as well as native silks and woollens, and handsome leather equipments for riding.
 * treme width of 65 m. Prior to the Russian