Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/79

 HUNT HUNTER 71 started. In 1851 appeared his "Valentine rescuing Sylvia from Proteus," in 1852 " The Hireling Shepherd," and in 1853 " Claudio and Isabella " and " Our English Coasts," a pre- Raphaelite study of the downs at Hastings, all strongly imbued with the characteristics of the new style. In 1854: he produced two pow- erful pictures, "The Awakened Conscience" and " The Light of the World." The summer of 1855 was spent by Mr. Hunt on the shores of the Dead sea, where he took minute studies of the surrounding scenery, which were sub- 'sequently embodied in his picture of the "Scape Goat," exhibited in the succeeding year. To the universal exposition of 1867 in Paris he sent " After Sunset in Egypt." Mr. Hunt resided for some years in Jerusalem en- gaged in painting a picture recently finished, " The Shadow of Death," for which he received 10,000 guineas. HOT, William Morris, an American painter, born in Brattleboro, Vt., March 31, 1824. Ho entered Harvard college in 1840, but went to Europe on account of his health before the completion of his course, and in 184G entered the academy at Dusseldorf, with the intention of studying sculpture. At the expiration of nine months he went to Paris, and in 1848 be- came a pupil of Couture. In 1855 he returned to the United States, and has since resided at Newport, R. I. His paintings comprise por- traits, history, and genre, and among the most successful are several representing picturesque types of city life in Paris, of which the artist published a series of lithographs executed by himself in 1859. Among his later works are the "Morning Star," and the "Drummer Boy " and the " Bugle Call," illustrating inci- dents in the civil war. Ill MKR, John, a British surgeon and physiol- ogist, born at Long Calderwood, Lanarkshire, July 14, 1728, died in London, Oct. 16, 1793. Ho was the son of a farmer, and the young- est of ten children. At 17 years he went to Glasgow to assist his brother-in-law, a cabinet maker ; but soon returned home, and wrote to his brother William, who was already successful as a lecturer on surgery, offering to assist him in his anatomical labors. His brother's reply was favorable, and he went to London in Sep- tember, 1748. He soon gave evidence of his abilities in the dissecting room. In 1749-'50 he attended the practice at Chelsea hospital, and in 1751 became a pupil at St. Bartholomew's hospital, continuing at the same time his labors in the dissecting room of his brother. In 1754 he became surgeon's pupil at St. George's hos- pital, of which he was appointed house surgeon two years later; and in the winter of 1755 he became a partner in the lectures of his brother. In the mean time he had succeeded in following more minutely than had before been done the ramifications of the olfactory nerve, in tracing the branches of the fifth pair of nerves, in dis- covering the system and functions of the lym- phatic vessels in birds, and the cause and mode of descent of the testis in the fetus. In 1759 he obtained the appointment of staff surgeon in the army, accompanied the expedition to Belleislo in 1761, and after the siege of that place served in Portugal until the peace of 1763. During this time he collected the ma- terials for his work on gun-shot wounds, which was published after his death. He returned to London, was put on half pay, and was obliged to receive pupils in anatomy and surgery as a means of subsistence. Purchasing a small piece of ground about two miles from London, he built a house, and carried on there his inves- tigations in comparative anatomy. He bar- gained with the keepers of menageries for the bodies of dead animals, spent all his available means in procuring rare species, and often ex- posed himself to personal danger in watching their habits and instincts and experimenting on their dispositions. His papers communi- cated to the royal society drew attention to his labors, and in 1767 he was elected a fellow of the society, and the following year surgeon of St. George's hospital and a member of the college of surgeons. In 1771 he married the sister of Sir Everard Home, his pupil and sub- sequently his biographer, and in the same year published his first original work, " Natural History of the Human Teeth " (4to), of which the second part appeared in 1778. In 1773 he commenced his first regular course of lec- tures, a task which he seldom succeeded in discharging with satisfaction to himself or his pupils, and as a preparation for which he was accustomed to dose himself with laudanum. In 1776 he was appointed surgeon extraprdi- nary to the king, and at the request of the royal humane society drew up a paper on the best mode of restoring apparently drowned persons. He also published papers on the ac- tion of the gastric juice upon the stomach after death, the torpedo, electric eel, &c. Between 1777 and 1785 appeared his papers on the heat of vegetables and animals, the structure of the placenta, the organs of hearing in fishes, &c., and the six Croonian lectures on muscular mo- tion. The paper on the placenta, claiming for the author the discovery of the union between the uterus and placenta, which William Hun- ter had claimed in 1775 in his " Gravid Ute- rus," caused an estrangement between the brothers which only terminated a short time before the death of William. In 1785 he re- moved his whole 'museum to a house erected for the purpose in Leicester square, to which he admitted the public in May and October of each year. It had now assumed enormous di- mensions, and such was his reputation as a naturalist that no new animal was brought to the country which was not shown to him. In the same year ho was prostrated by a se- vere spasmodic attack, and was obliged to re- linquish practice for a time; and thenceforth until his death he was a constant sufferer, his paroxysms occurring after any mental excite- ment. He nevertheless persevered in his ex-