Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/758

 738 KALUGA KAMEHAMEIIA KALUGA. I. A central government of Rus- sia, bordering on Smolensk, Moscow, Tula, and Orel; area, 11,927 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 984,255. The surface is in general very level. It is watered by numerous rivers, the principal of which is the Oka. The soil is of a sandy or strong clayey nature, and only moderately fertile. More than half of this province is un- der forest. The climate is one of the mildest in Russia. Iron, coal, chalk, and gypsum are found. Woollens, linens, sail cloth, &c., are manufactured. II. A city, capital of the gov- ernment, on the left bank of the Oka, 95 m. S. W. of Moscow ; pop. in 1867, 36,080. It is irregularly built, being 7 m. in circumference, though not containing more than 4,000 houses, chiefly of wood. It is surrounded by a ram- part which has been converted into a public promenade. It contains 23 churches, a theo- logical college, nunnery, hospital, gymnasium, government house, orphan asylum, public li- brary, and theatre. It is a place of consider- able trade, and the chief seat of the manu- factures of the province. A commercial bank was founded here by a public-spirited citizen in 1859, the profits to be applied to charita- ble purposes. Political offenders of high rank have been banished to Kaluga for many years past. Shamyl was removed to Kaluga in 1859. KALW. See OALW. KAMA, a river of Russia, the principal affluent of the Volga. It rises in a branch of the Ural mountains in the N. E. part of the government of Viatka, runs first N. and N. E., then takes a 8. and S. W. direction through the govern- ments of Perm and Kazan, forming interme- diately the boundary between Viatka and Ufa, and joins the Volga, after a course of about 1,200 m., 40 m. from the city of Kazan, almost doubling the volume of the Volga. It receives in its course the tributary rivers Vi- shera, Tchusovaya, Bielaya, and Ik on the left, and the Obva and Viatka on the right. The Kama is navigated by barges to Perm, and by flatboats much higher. Its waters at Perm have a depth of 23 ft. less at the end of sum- mer than in the freshets of spring. It is con- nected with a branch of the Dwina by a canal 12 m. long, establishing water communication between the Caspian and White seas. KAMEELA, or Kamala, the glandular powder and hairs obtained from the capsules of Rott- lera tinctoria, a small tree of the order euphor- biacece growing in the East Indies. The finest, consisting of roundish three-celled capsules, is gathered in February and March, and the light, mobile, brownish red powder formed by the glands and hairs, brushed off. This consists in a large proportion (78 per cent.) of resins, one or more of which is supposed to be the active principle. Kameela is actively purgative in full doses, sometimes acting violently, and occa- sionally causing nausea, but seldom vomiting. It has been long used in India in the treatment of tapeworm, and seems to have been found very efficient by the British practitioners in that country. It has, however, only within a few years been used in Europe and America. It is given, without previous preparation of the patient, in the dose of from one to three drams, suspended in water, mucilage, or sirup. A tincture has been employed. The bark of another species of the genus, R. Schimperi, growing in Abyssinia, has been supposed also to possess anthelmintic properties. When ka- meela is administered in cases of tapeworm, the worm is usually expelled with the third or fourth stool. KAMEHAMEHA, the name of a line of sov- ereigns of the Hawaiian islands. I, Called Nui (the Great), born in 1753, died at Kailua, on the island of Hawaii, May 8, 1819. He was the son of Keoua, a powerful chief among the different leaders of tribes who governed the islands in the early part of the 18th century. He was at first ruler of the western part of Hawaii, and conceiving the idea of a united government, he conquered the remainder of that island, and ultimately the whole group, the last island submitting to him in 1809. Hav- ing established his authority in 1796, he adopt- ed liberal measures, such as the partial aboli- tion of the tabu system and of human sacri- fices, the introduction of many reforms, and the encouragement of agriculture and commerce. Some of these measures were owing to the sug- gestions of Vancouver, the explorer, who gain- ed the king's friendship and exercised great in- fluence over him. II. Son of the preceding, called lolani or Liholiho, born on Hawaii in 1797, died in London, July 14, 1824. When he came to the throne the old native religion and customs were fast giving way before foreign ideas and innovations ; and the American mis- sionaries, who arrived in the islands March 31, 1820, met with immediate success. During the early part of his reign he completed the aboli- tion of the tabu and of idolatry, accorded many privileges to the missionaries, and encouraged their endeavor to educate the people. On Nov. 27, 1823, Kamehameha, who had long desired to visit foreign countries, sailed for England with his queen Kamehamalu and suite. They received much attention in London, and met with a cordial reception from George IV. As they were about to return, however, several members of the party were attacked by a malignant form of measles, to which both the king and queen succumbed. Their bodies were carried to the islands by H. M. S. Blonde, arriving at Honolulu May 6, 1825. Kame- hameha II. not having appointed a successor, a council of chiefs elected his younger brother to the vacant throne. III. Called Kauikeaouli, brother of the preceding, born March 17, 1814, died in Honolulu, Dec. 15, 1854. From his accession, June 6, 1825, he reigned under the regency of Kaahumann, queen dowager of Kamehameha I. She died in 1832, and in the early part of 1833 he assumed full control of the kingdom. He granted a liberal constitu- tion to his subjects, and greatly encouraged