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 736 KALISCII KALKBRENNER of the poets called the nine precions stones of the court. Vikraraaditya (sun of strength) is a title given to several Hindoo monarchs, and many scholars believe Kalidasa to have flour- ished in the llth century A. D. at the court of King Bhoja. The works attributed to him are so various that the existence of several poets of his name at different periods has been sup- posed. His best production is the drama Sa- kuntald, which was translated into English by Sir William Jones in 1789, and immediately ex- cited in Europe a lively interest in Sanskrit literature. It was translated into German by Forster (1790), Herder (1803), and others, and into French by Chezy (published with the San- skrit original, 1830). He is the author also of the drama Vikramurcasi (translated into English by H. H. Wilson ; published with a Latin trans- lation by Lentz, Berlin, 1833); the comedy " Malavika and Agnimitra " (published with a Latin translation by Fallberg, Bonn, 1840) ; the epical poem Raghuvama (published in San- skrit and Latin by Stenzler, London, 1832) ; the Kumdra-Sambhdva (also edited by Stenzler, London, 1838); the Megha-d&ta, or "Cloud Messenger " (translated into English verse by H. H. Wilson, Calcutta, 1813, and London, 1843) ; and other dramatic and lyrical pieces. KALISCU. See KALISZ. KALISCII, David, a German humorist of Jew- ish parentage, born in Breslau, Feb. 23, 1820, died in Berlin, Aug. 21, 1872. He began his literary activity in Paris, and in 1848 founded in Berlin the Kladderadatsch, the German "Punch," which, toward the close of his life he edited jointly with Dohm. He was the au- thor of several popular plays, among the best known of which are Hunderttausend Thaler, Berlin bei Jiaeht, Doctor Peschke, and Berlin wie es weint und lacht. His pieces have been played with great success. There is a collec- tion of his works entitled Berliner LeierTcasten. KALISPELS, or Pends d'Orellles, a tribe of In- dians, of the Selish family, living in Montana, Idaho, Washington territory, and British Amer- ica. They are a brave but peaceable and good- tempered race, willing to work, and, though originally a miserable half-starved race, have made great improvement, chiefly under the in- fluence of the missions founded among them by Father P. J. De Smet in 1844. They have been exposed to inroads of less civilized tribes, and have been forced from lands which they had cultivated and deemed secured to them. A treaty made in July, 1855, ceded the lands of the Montana band, but no consideration was paid; this treaty was approved in 1859, and the Kalispels were left on a reservation in Bit- ter Root valley till 1871, when, under a clause in the treaty of 1855, President Grant ordered them to be removed to Jocko reservation. His action was approved by act of congress, June 5, 1872. The houses for chiefs promised by the treaty of 1855, and an agricultural , school also promised, were never begun. In 1872 this band numbered 1,000. They had 70 farms under cultivation in Bitter Root valley, had 800 cattle, 2,000 horses, and many hogs, raised large quantities of wheat, oats, potatoes, and corn, and had to a considerable extent adopted the dress of the whites. The band in Idaho numbered 700, and were alternately on British and on American soil. The band in Washington territory, numbering about 400, were in Kalispel valley, east of the Cascade mountains, and were reported as the most peaceable and quiet tribe in the territory, cul- tivating about 400 acres, and having numerous horses, cattle, and poultry. An executive order of July 2, 1872, directed their removal to a reservation north and west of the Columbia, although they remonstrated against it. KALISZ (Ger. Kalisch). I. A W. govern- ment of European Russia, in the kingdom of Poland, bordering on the governments of Plock, Warsaw, and Piotrkow, and the Prus- sian province of Posen ; area, 4,200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 601,029. II. One of the oldest towns of Russian Poland, capital of the gov- ernment, between two branches of the Pros- na, on the Prussian frontier, 130 m. S. W. of Warsaw ; pop. in 1867, 13,602, of whom one fifth were Jews. It has several higher schools, a theatre, and a fine promenade. It was con- spicuous daring the wars of the Polish and Silesian princes in the middle ages, and was taken in 1656 by the Swedes. The Russians and Saxons gained a victory here over Charles XII. in 1706, and the Russians over the French in February, 1813. A few days after the latter event an alliance was formed here between the czar and the king of Prussia. MLKASKA, a N. W. connty of the S. penin- sula of Michigan, drained by the Manistee and Grand Traverse rivers ; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 424. Capital, Clearwater. MI,ki:i:i:M:it. I. Christian, a German com- poser, born in Minden, Sept. 22, 1755, died in Paris, Aug. 10, 1806. He was for a number of years in the service of Prince Henry of Prus- sia, the brother of Frederick the Great, as composer ; and subsequently he officiated as singing master in the academy of music in Pa- ris. He is the author of a number of operas and pianoforte pieces, and of a history of mu- sic, not completed at his death, which is con- sidered valuable authority on whatever relates to Hebrew and Greek music. II. Friedileh, son of the preceding, born in Cassel in 1784, died at Enghien-les-Bains, near Paris, June 10, 1849. His musical education commenced at an early age, and was completed in Paris, where in 1802 he gained two prizes at the conservatory. As a pianoforte performer he was one of the most eminent of his time, and his compositions for that instrument arc still in great estimation. During several years he resided in England as a teacher, but in 1823 he fixed himself permanently in Paris. Among his works are many pieces of chamber music for a variety of instruments. He arranged the symphonies of Beethoven for the pianoforte.