Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/753

 KAHNIS KALAMATA 733 mom Kohlenberg), who is said to have lived here in the first part of the 14th century. k V1IMS, Karl Friedrich August, a German theologian, born in Greitz, Dec. 22, 1814. He studied at Halle, graduated in Berlin, and be- came professor in Breslau, and in 1850 in Leip- sic. He was regarded as a leader of the ortho- dox Lutherans until the publication of his Lutherische Dogmatik (2 vols., Leipsic, 1801- '4), which placed him in antagonism with the views of Hengstenberg and other orthodox theologians, and in nearer relation with the Reformed church. His works are numerous. k IKTKIK FALL. See GUIANA. KA1RWAN, Kali-van, or El kirwan, a city of Tunis, Africa, 80 m. S. of the city of Tunis ; pop. estimated at 15,000. It is situated on a height commanding a large sandy plain, and is surrounded by a crenellated wall having four gates. It is well built and contains many ele- gant structures, including numerous mosques and tombs of marabouts. The Akbar mosque is a magnificent edifice, covering nearly the whole of one of the quarters. Its roof is sup- ported by 312 columns of marble, granite, and porphyry, of the Roman period. The town is badly supplied with water, the main depen- dence being a capacious open reservoir of Sara- cenic origin, called the cistern of Ibrahim ben Aglab, a polygon of 64 sides, each of six yards. Kairwan was founded by the Arabs about A. D. 670, and was from 802 to 970 the capital of their independent African dominions. It is regarded by the Mohammedans as the most holy city of Africa, and no Christian or Jewish merchant is permitted to take up his residence there. According to Arabian historians, its population was once 60,000. It is noted chiefly, in a commercial point of view, for the manu- facture of yellow morocco boots and slippers. KAISARIYEH, a city of Asia Minor, capital of a district of the same name, in the vilayet and 160 m. S. E. of the city of Angora; pop. vari- ously estimated from 25,000 to 50,000. It is situated in a recess of the Arjish mountains, at an elevation of 3,200 ft. above the sea. An extensive plain, watered by the river Kara-su, and fertile in cotton, fruits, and wine, stretches N. from the hills. The town is walled, and the houses are mostly of stone, but the streets are narrow and dirty. It is the emporium of an extensive export trade. The chief industry is the manufacture of cotton yarn, cloth, and yellow morocco leather. This place, ancient- ly called Mazaca, was the capital of Cappado- cia until that country was formed into a Ro- man province, when the name of the city was changed to Osesarea (whence its modern name), under which latter appellation it gave title to a Christian bishop from the early times of the church. (See C^SAREA, II.) K USKKSLAl'TKKX, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, on the Lauter, 32 m. W. K. W. of Spire ; pop. in 1871, 17,867. It has a Catholic and two Protestant churches, a Latin school, a Protestant normal school, several other educa- tional institutions, and a richly endowed hospi- tal. There are manufactories of tobacco, cot- ton, and hosiery, and several iron works. On Nov. 30, 1793, the duke of Brunswick gained here a victory over Hoche. The French also suf- fered defeats here in May and September, 1794. KAISERSWERTH, a town of Prussia, in the province of the Rhine, on the river Rhine, 6 m. N. N. W. of Dusseldorf ; pop. in 1871, 2,223. It is noted for the house of evangeli- cal deaconesses founded by Pastor Fliedner, which has now branches in all countries of the Protestant world. (See DEACONESS.) KAKODYLE, or Catodyle (As^Hn), a coupled compound of arsenic and methyle, expressed by the name arsendimethyle. The substance is a highly poisonous liquid, heavier than water, gives forth vapors of specific gravity 7'1, which have a most disgusting odor, and takes fire spontaneously on exposure to the air. It boils at 338 F., and solidifies in square prisms at 43 F. ; it is soluble in alcohol or ether, but scarcely so in water. It unites as a base directly with oxygen, and probably with sulphur and chlorine also ; and it furnished the first instance of the isolation of an organic metallic basyle. It is obtained by decompo- sing its chloride by granulated zinc, or its sul- phuret by means of mercury. The prepara- tion of the compounds of kakodyle is difficult and dangerous. The oxide obtained by distil- ling equal parts of dried acetate of potash and arsenious acid is an impure quality of the fetid liquid formerly known as Cadet's fuming liquor, or alkarsine, which inflames spontane- ously on exposure to the air. KALAFAT, a walled town of Roumania, in Little "Wallachia, on the left bank of the Dan- ube opposite Widin, 155 m. W. S. W. of Bu- charest ; pop. about 2,500. It has a town hall, a custom house, a quarantine, and cavalry bar- racks. The town is built on a plain of the same name, skirted by hills. Its fortifications describe an arc of a circle around the town, the Danube forming the chord. It is impor- tant in a strategic point of view, and has fig- ured more than once in Turkish military an- nals. Here the Russians in 1829 lost 10,000 men in their operations against the Turks. Severe engagements took place in its vicinity in the early part of January, 1854; and an assault of the Russians was repulsed by the Turks on April 19. KALAJIATA, a town of Greece, capital of the nomarchy of Messenia and of an eparchy of the same name, about 1 ra. from the gulf of Koron in the south of the Peloponnesus ; pop. about 6,200. It is the seat of the bishop of Messe- nia, and of a court of the first resort, and has a busy trade. Its chief exports are wool, oil, cheese, raw silk, and figs. A kind of hand- kerchief is manufactured here, which is in great demand in the Levant. Kalamata is supposed to be built on the site of Pherse, one of the maritime cities in the time of the Trojan war. During the crusades it was one of the