Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/751

 KAFFA 731 bishop of Hereford, and in the same year, 1633, bishop of London. In 1635 he was appointed lord high treasurer, but in 1640 earnestly so- licited leave to resign the office, and returned to the charge of his diocese. He was attached to the king, whom he attended in the isle of Wight, at his trial, and to the last upon the scaffold. After the king's execution he was deprived of his bishopric, and imprisoned for refusing to disclose his last conversation with the king. After the restoration he was made archbishop of Canterbury (1660). KTHE llth letter of the Phoenician and j other Semitic graphic systems, named kaph (hollow of the hand), is also the llth of the English and many other European alphabets, although the letters preceding it do not exact- ly coincide in both systems. It is the 10th (/coTTra) in Greek. In ancient Latin, as long as C was used as the sign of G, it was the 9th ; but after the innovation of C for the hard gut- tural in all positions, and the introduction of G as its corresponding soft guttural, it became the 10th letter, though used only in a few ab- breviations, such as K. for Casio, kal. for ca- lendce, &c. It is erroneously said to be the llth in some modern Latin grammars. Sallust, a grammarian of Rome, attributes its introduc- tion into the Latin to one Salvius. Quintilian denies it a place in the Latin, and blames its' use even before a, as in kalendca, kalumnia, although it was burnt in upon the forehead of slanderers. It was represented by qu in an- cient French, in all positions, though in modern French only in que and q ui ; while in the same language the K is maintained only in a few for- eign words, and in proper nouns. The sound of K is produced like that of G, with this dif- ference, that the larynx does not oscillate du- ring the sudden explosion of the sound. Some proper nouns are written either with K or C ; as, for instance, in German, Carl, Coin, or Karl, Koln ; or in French, Coran, Colocotroni, or Ko- ran, &c. In German, ck is written for kk (in Polish it is pronounced tsk, as in Potocki), and the initial k before consonants is frequently the hardened particle ge deprived of e, as in the words Jfnecht, servant, from ge-neigt, bent, subject to ; and klug, prudent, from ge-lvg, looking out. As a numeral sign, K denotes 20 in the Semitic, Greek, Georgian, and Cyrillic (and hence in the Russian) systems ; 40 in the Glagolitic; 60 in the Armenian; 250 (along with E) in the period of Rome's decline. A dash over it raises these values to as many thousands. In rubrication it marks 10, the j not being counted. On Roman coins and other monuments it stands for Kaisar, Kar- thago, kaput, and many other words beginning with Ca in the later Latin. On French coins it designates Bordeaux ; on those of Austria, K. B. signify Kormocz-Banya or Kremnitz mine. KAABA, or Caaba. See MECCA. KABBALAH. See CABALA. KABYLKS. See ALGERIA. KAF. See CAF. KAFFA, or Kafa, a country of E. Africa, lying S. of Abyssinia and W. of Somauli. It con- sists of an extensive table land, between two branches of the river Gojeb or Godafo, at an elevation of about 5,000 ft. above the sea. The country is under the sway of an absolute king, or tata, who it is said can raise 10,000 horse- men, and who is frequently at war with his neighbors. The inhabitants are of an Abys- sinian type, and profess to be Christians ; their language belongs to the Hamitic group of tongues. They cultivate the soil, which is fer- tile in palms, cotton, and coffee. The staple food of the people is the ensete, a plant resem- bling the banana. The cereals are not raised, and the appellation of " grain-eater " is used as a term of contempt. Trade is carried on with the merchants of Enarea, who exchange rock salt, copper, horses, cattle, and silks for coffee, cotton, and slaves. Coffee, which is supposed to have received its name (Turk, leahae) from this country, is indigenous, as is a species of tea plant called khat. The brothers Abbadie, in 1843, were the first Europeans who pene- trated into the country. The chief town is Bonga, lat. 1 12' 30" K, Ion. 36 4' E.; it contains 6,000 or 7,000 inhabitants. KAFFA, Cafla, or Feodosla (Theodosia), a sea- port of S. Russia, on the S. E. coast of the Crimea, 60 in. E. by N. of Simferopol ; pop. about 10,000, exclusive of the garrison. It is built on a wide, open bay of the Black sea. The inhabitants, consisting of Russians, Tartars, Greeks, Armenians, Germans, and Jews, are mostly engaged in fishing and the manufacture of salt. Caviare is made there. Wool and hides are exported. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, and has, besides Greek churches, a Roman Catholic church, two synagogues, two mosques, a public library, museum, botanic garden, theatre, custom house, and quarantine buildings. It is near the site of ancient Theo- dosia, which was founded by the Milesians, and was one of the towns of the ancient king- dom of Bosporus, The Genoese established a colony here in the 13th century, and its com- merce became so important that the Italians called the Crimean peninsula "Isola di Caffa." In the 14th century it was surrounded by for- midable fortifications, the remains of which are still to be seen. The Turks captured it in 1475, and although it declined under their rule