Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/750

 730 JUTLAND JUXON JUTLAND (Dan. Jylland), an irregular penin- sula, forming a province of the kingdom of Denmark, lying between lat. 55 18' and 57 45' N., and Ion. 8 5' and 10 57' E., bounded N. by the Skager Rack, E. by the Cattegat and the Little Belt, S. by Schleswig, and W. by the North sea; area, 9,738 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 788,119. It is the main part of the ancient Cim- bric Chersonese, and the country of the Jutes. The Jutes were a Germanic or Scandinavian tribe, of whose presence in this quarter we have evidence as early as the 5th century. Accord- ing to Mannert, they were identical in race with the Guthi of Ptolemy, and came from the opposite Scandinavian coast. They were the earliest Teutonic invaders of Britain after the departure of the Romans. Jutland is divided into four districts called Stifts : Aalborg in the north, Aarhuus in the east, Viborg in the cen- tre, and Ribe in the south and west. The capi- tal is Viborg. The N. and part of the W. coast are low, flat, and sandy, presenting long lines of dangerous banks, broken on the west by sev- eral large fiords which may be said to form la- goons. The E. shores are more rocky and have some good harbors. The Liim or Lym fiord entirely insulates the N. part of the peninsula. There are many ponds and marshes scattered over the surface, but few rivers. The largest streams are the Guden, which flows into the Cattegat, the Lonborg, which enters the Ring- kiobing fiord, and the Konge, which partly sep- arates Jutland from Schleswig. There are no mountains, and the hills are little more than accumulations of sand, seldom exceeding 100 ft. in height. The Himmeljberg, the highest point, is only 550 ft. above the sea. The soil on the east and west is fertile, but the central districts are sandy and sterile, and the N. coast is covered with drifting sands, which are planted with reeds to prevent them from being borne by the wind over the cultivated lands. On the east there are considerable forests of oak, fir, and birch, but the province has been nearly stripped of its timber, with which it was covered in the llth century. Agriculture is in a very low state, but efforts have been made with some success to improve it. The chief products are corn, hemp, flax, and to- bacco. The climate is temperate but variable, with frequent fogs and rains. The industry of the inhabitants is directed chiefly to husbandry, the coast fisheries, and domestic manufactures. There are manufactories of woollen goods, fire- arms, and earthenware. Commerce is active, and is much facilitated by the long fiords. The principal commercial emporium is Aarhuus, which is connected by railway with Viborg, Holstebro, Aalborg, and Veile. JUVENAL (JTTVENALIS), Drriinus .1 iniiiis, a Ro- man satirical poet, flourished in the latter part of the 1st century A. D. and in the first quar- ter of the 2d. The only certain facts in his personal history are that Aqninum was either the place of his nativity or his chosen residence, and that he was an intimate friend of Martial, who addresses him in three of his epigrams. According to the oldest memoir of him, ascrib- ed with little probability to Suetonius, he was either the son or the alumnus of a wealthy frecdman, occupied himself till middle age as a pleader, and was led to devote himself to satirical composition by the success of some verses which he wrote upon a pantomimist named Paris ; after much hesitation he recited his satires before numerous audiences, which were received with so much favor that he ventured to insert in one of them his attack on Paris ; this was construed into an attack on an actor at that time in high favor at court, and he was therefore, although 80 years of age, ap- pointed to command a cohort of infantry in Egypt, and soon died of vexation and grief in this honorable exile. The pantomimist Paris, a favorite of Domitian, was put to death in A. D. 83 ; and as it is established that one of the satires of Juvenal was written not earlier than 96 and another not earlier than 100, he could not have been sent to Egypt in the lifetime of Paris, unless he afterward returned, in which case it is strange that his works contain no allusion to his exile. The story of his banish- ment is therefore questioned by some critics. Juvenal disputes with Horace the honor of being the greatest Roman satirist. Living amid the vices of a declining state, under the tyranny of Nero and Domitian, and seeing the humiliation of his countrymen, his compositions are much more purposely and formally severe than the easy and good-humored satires of Horace. Each of them is an elaborate and sonorous piece of declamation, which confirms the statement of some of, his biographers that in youth he diligently attended the schools of the rhetoricians, and that he was accustomed to declaim at the forum during many years of his life. His extant works are 15 satires, and a fragment of doubtful authenticity, all in heroic hexameters. There are numerous very early editions, six of which may claim to be the princeps. Among the most complete edi- tions are those of Ruperti (Leipsic, 1819), Heinrich (Bonn, 1839), and Otto Jahn (Berlin, 1851). Jahn holds that only the first 9 satires and the llth are Juvenal's, and that these con- tain many interpolations ; see also Ribbeck's Der echte und der unechte Juvenalis (Berlin, 1865). The English metrical translators are Holyday, Stapleton, Dryden (of five satires), Gifiord, Hodgson, Badham, and Evans; there is also a literal prose translation, with notes, by J. D. Lewis (London, 1873). JUXON, William, an English prelate, born in Chichester in 1582, died June 4, 1663. He was educated at the merchant taylors' school, and at St. John's college, Oxford. Originally destined for the law, he studied theology, and became vicar of St. Giles's, Oxford, in 1609, and rec- tor of Somerton in 1614. He was president of his college in 1621, and vice chancellor in 1626 and 1627. He became successively dean of Worcester and prebendary of Chichester,