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 JUSSIEU JUSTICE OF THE PEACE 725 office he held for two years. In 1793, when the jardin du roi was reorganized as the mu- seum of natural history, he was raised to a pro- fessorship, and while director of that institu- tion he laid the foundation of its library, which is one of the best, if not actually the best of its kind in Europe. In 1804 he was appointed professor of materia medica at the faculty of medicine, and life member of the council of the university, but was deprived, of both these offices after the restoration. In 1826 his fail- ing health and partial blindness caused him to resign his chair of botany in favor of his son Adrien. From 1804 to 1820 he published in the Annales du Museum & series of valuable papers prepared with reference to a new edition of his Genera Plantarum. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote several historical notices of the museum of natural history, and a number of valuable articles on botany in the Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, among which the one upon the " Natural Method of Plants" deserves special notice. IVt Adrien, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1797, died June 29, 1853. On taking his degree of M. D. in 1824, he defended a thesis De Eu- phorbiacearum Generibus. He succeeded his father as professor at the museum in 1826, and soon achieved a distinguished rank among bot- anists by his lectures and publications. In 1831 he was elected to the academy of sciences, and in 1845 was appointed to the chair of the or- ganography of plants at the Sorbonne ; his lec- tures there, which he continued till his death, were both brilliant and attractive. His most important work is a Court elementaire d'his- toire naturelle : Partie botanigue (Paris, 1848 ; translated by I. II. Wilson, " Elements of Bot- any," London, 1849), which is a most valuable elementary treatise on botany. His treatise on botanical taxonomy, in the Dictionnaire uni- versel d'histoire naturelle (1848), is also very valuable. Among his papers printed either in the Annales du Museum or the Comptes rendui de V academic des sciences, one of the best is his Monographic des malpighiacees (1 843). A very interesting essay, De la methode naturelle et des Ju&sieu, was published by P. Flourens in Ms loget historiques, second series. V. Lau- rent Pierre, cousin of the preceding, born in the department of Isere, Feb. 7, 1792. He was a member of the chamber of deputies from 1839 to 1842, and became known by educational and other popular works, including Simon de Nan- tua, on le marchand forain (1818), which has been translated into many languages and passed through upward of 30 editions ; that of 1860 contained also his (Euvres posthumes de Simon deNantua, for which he received the Montyon prize, and similar honors were accorded by various institutions to the former and other works. New editions of his Les petits litres du Pert Lami (6 vols.) appeared in 1853, and of his Fables et contes en ners in 1864. His brother ALEXIS, a political writer and func- tionary, born in 1802, died in 1866. JUSTE, Theodore, a Belgian historian, born in Brussels in 1818. He is secretary of the Bel- gian board of education, and member of many learned societies. His principal works are : Ifistoire elementaire et populaire de la Belgique (Brussels, 1838; 3d and enlarged ed., 1848); Ifistoire de la revolution beige de 1790 (3 vols. 12mo, 1846) ; Precis de Vhistoire du may en Age (5 vols. 12mo, 1848) ; Les Pays-Bos sous Phi- lippe II. (2 vols. 8vo, 1855) ; Charles- Quint et Marguerite d' Autriche (8vo, 1858); Les Pay s- Bas au XVI' siecle (2 parts, 1858-'63); ffis- toire du soulevement des Pays-Baa contre la domination espagnole (1862-'3) ; Histoire des fitats generaux des Pays-Bos (2 vols. 8vo, 1864) ; Les fondateurs de la monarchic beige (1865 and 1871); LesoulevementdelaHollande en 1813, et la fondation du royaume des Pays- Bos (1869) ; and Notes historiques et biogra- phiques (1871). JI'STI, Karl Wilhelm, a German author, born in Marburg, Jan. 14, 1767, died there, Aug. 7, 1846. He was professor of theology at Mar- burg, wrote the Nationalgesange der Hebraer (5 vols., Leipsic, 1803-'18), published an en- larged edition of Herder's Geist der Ebraischen Poesie (2 vols., 1829), several historical and mis- cellaneous writings, including a life of St. Eliz- abeth, and some volumes of poetry. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. In the English law, justices of the peace are " judges of record appointed by the king's commission to be jus- tices within certain limits, for the conservation of the peace and the execution of divers things comprehended within their commission and within divers statutes committed to their charge." Before the institution of this office there existed in> England by the common law certain officers appointed for the maintenance of good order, and called consersatores pacis, keepers of the peace. Some of them exercised their functions by virtue of their tenures, and some by virtue of their offices ; others were chosen by the freeholders of their counties. The period at which this office ceased, and justices of the peace were first created, has been dis- puted ; but the better opinion seems to fix it at the beginning of the reign of Edward III. At that time the new king, fearing that some risings or other disturbances might take place in protest against the manner of his accession to the crown, sent writs to all the sheriffs in Eng- land commanding that peace be kept through- out their bailiwicks on pain and peril of disin- heritance and loss of life and limb ; and in a few weeks after the date of these writs it was ordained in parliament that, for the better maintaining and keeping of the peace in every county, good men and lawful which were no maintainers of evil or barrators in the county should be assigned to keep the peace. (Black. Com., i. 350.) From that time the election of the conservators of the peace was taken from the people, and their creation resided thence- forth in the assignment of the crown. It was only, however, by subsequent statutes that the