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 JURA JURY 721 to the mountain range above described ; the continuation of the same limestone country through Swabia and Franconia being distin- guished as the German Jura, situated between the Rhine and Main, and divided by the rivers Danube and Altmuhl into three parts, viz. : the Black Forest Jura (der Schwarzwald-Jura), situated between the Rhine and Danube ; the Swabian Jura (der ScJiwabische Jura), on the Danube and Altmuhl, and designated by va- rious names in various localities, as Ober-Ho- henberg, Rauhe Alp, &c. ; and the Franconian Jura (der Frankische Jura), between the Alt- muhl and Main, traversed by the Ludwig's canal, and noted for its bone caves. JI'KA, an E. department of France, in Franche Comt6, bordering on Switzerland and on the departments of Haute-Saone, Doubs, Ain, Sa6ne-et-Loire, and C6te d'Or; area, 1,926 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 287,634. The name is derived from the mountains which cover two thirds of the department. The surface pre- sents three divisions, viz. : the western part, consisting of a low plain about 7 m. in width ; the first mountain elevation rising suddenly from the plain and forming a plateau nearly 10 m. wide; and the high mountain district, consisting of lofty summits and deep valleys. The highest summits are Reculet, La Dole, and Mont Poupet, which rise between 5,000 and 6,000 ft. above the sea. Among the numerous rivers are the Ain, Loue, and Doubs, which are navigable. The Bienne is the most important of the smaller rivers. There are many marsh- es and lakes. The Rh&ne and Rhine canal traverses the N. part of the department, and there are several lines of railway. Large quantities of squared timber are floated in rafts down the small rivers into the Sa6ne and thence to Lyons. The forests abound with pine and oak timber. Agriculture is highly advanced, and dairy farming is extensively carried on, one of the chief productions being Gruyere cheese. The annual production of wine amounts to 8.500,000 gallons; the best wines are those of Lons-le-SauInier and Poli- gny. Coal and iron mines are worked. Litho- graphic stone, marble, and alabaster are quar- ried, and there are extensive salt works at Montmorot and Salins. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Lons-le- Sanlnier, Poligny, Sainte-Claude, and Dole. Capital, Lons-le-Saulnier. .11 KIKI, Pierre, a French theologian, born at Mer, Orleanais, Dec. 24, 1637, died in Rot- terdam, June 11, 1713. He was sent to Eng- land to complete his education under his ma- ternal uncle, Peter Du Moulin, and while in that country was ordained. He succeeded his father in the pastorship of the Reformed church at Mer, and afterward was made professor of divinity and Hebrew at the academy of Sedan. When that institution was suppressed in 1681 he retired to Rotterdam, where he became minister of the Walloon church. He passed the remainder of his life there, engaged in bitter controversy with friends and enemies, especially Bayle. Jurieu got the better of the philosopher, and caused his dismissal from his professorship. He was the author of various works, highly esteemed in their day, several of which have been translated into English. Among these are : Histoire du Calvinisme et du papisme (2 vols., Rotterdam, 1682) ; Let- tres pastorales (3 vols., 1686-'7) ; Accomplme- ment des propheties, ou la delwrance prochaine de VEglise (2 vols., 1685) ; Apologie pour Vac- complissement (1687) ; Tableau du Socinia- nisme (the Hague, 1691) ; and La pratique de la deration (2 vols., Rotterdam, 1700). His principal work is Histoire critique des dogmea et des cultes bans et mautiais qui ont ete dans Vfiglise depuis Adamjusqu'd Jesus- Christ (Am- sterdam, 1704; with supplement, 1705; Eng- lish translation, 2 vols., London, 1705). JURY, a chosen body of men whose duty it is either to judge or determine certain questions of fact submitted to them, or to inquire into the existence cf certain alleged facts. Upon the jury a very large proportion of the whole procedure for the trial of actions in England and America rests. Its intrinsic importance has made the inquiries into its early origin and history interesting ; and they are the more so, because they are found to be closely interwoven with investigations into the political, legal, and .social institutions of many nations. Different writers have come to very different conclusions, perhaps because they began from different points of departure, and viewed their facts under different aspects. In almost all the re- sults thus presented there is some truth ; but we apprehend that they have erred in attribu- ting the institution of Juries to some one or two only of the many origins from which it has arisen, and the many influences which have combined to give to it its present form in Eng- land and in the United States. Its principal source has been found in the SiKaarijpiov of Athens, or in the judices of Rome, or in the compnrgators of the Saxons, or in the trial by the vicinage of the Romans, or in the Nor- wegian Gulathing. We apprehend that it would be, if not impossible, at least so difficult to determine which among all these things may be considered as having contributed most to form the trial by jury, that the inquiry is not worth the time and labor it costs ; for it must end in the conclusion that all have contributed, and importantly, to this result. The essence of the trial by jury is the determination of questions arising in actions at law by a select body of persons, who, without holding per- manent judicial offices, come from among the people for this purpose, and, after their work is done, return to them. In Asia we find no- thing of this at any time ; and nothing of it in history, until the fcKaar^piov of Athens was regulated if not introduced by Solon. The di- casts were a large body of men, numbering some thousands, who were selected or appoint- ed from among the freemen of Athens, in some