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 712 JULIUS JUMNA enemy. After fruitless negotiations, Julius joined in 1508 the famous league of Cambrai, formed by the emperor Maximilian, Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand of Aragon, for the dismemberment of the Venetian republic. The troops of the league were everywhere success- ful; the doge sued for peace, and the pope, who had now got what ho wanted, grew jeal- ous of Louis, and willingly united with the Venetians to expel the French from Italy. Ferdinand was also led to view the success of Louis with uneasiness, and became a party to the " holy league," which was signed in October, 1511, and of which Henry VIII. of England afterward became a member. Julius took the field in person, and, after several campaigns of varying success, drove out the "barbarians," as he termed his former allies. He could not so easily rid himself of the Swiss, German, and Spanish troops by whom he had effected this result, and in the midst of the disorder raised by his warlike and ambitious policy, he died without achieving for the holy see that preeminence which had been the whole aim of his pontificate. Julius was in heart and action a thorough soldier. He " made his tiara a hel- met and his crosier a sword," and his disposi- tion is well expressed in an old epigram : Cum Petri nihil efficiant ad proelia claves, Auxilio Pauli forsitan ensis erit. He was nevertheless regarded by the Italians as a friend to the liberation of their country, and the justice and wisdom of his internal ad- ministration gained him their affection. He laid the corner stone of St. Peter's church, and was a patron of Michel Angelo, Bramante, and Raphael. It was Julius II. who granted Henry VIII. a dispensation to marry Catharine of Ara- gon. He was succeeded by Leo X. III. Gian Maria del Monte, born in Arezzo, Sept. 10, 1487, died March 23, 1555. He belonged to a noble fam- ily, held several high offices under the papal government, was made cardinal in 1536, and succeeded Paul III. in 1550. He reopened the sittings of the council of Trent, which had been discontinued under his predecessor, and confirmed the institution of the Jesuits. He took part with Charles V. in his quarrel with Ottavio Farnese and the French, but was com- pelled to sign a truce with his enemies in April, 1552, soon after which* he declared the suspen- sion of the council of Trent, which had already been broken up by the Protestants, and retired to his luxurious villa near Rome. He recon- ciled England under Queen Mary with the holy see. He was succeeded by Marcellus II. JULIUS, Nlkolans Heinrich, a German physician, born in Altona, Oct. 3, 1783, died in Hamburg, Aug. 20, 1862. With a view of examining the condition and management of prisons, he ex- plored many parts of Europe and the United States, delivered lectures, and published a va- riety of works on this and kindred subjects, as Die Amerikanischen, Verbetterungssysteme (Leipsic,1837), Nordamerikas sittliche Zwtdnde (1839), and Beitriige zur Iritischen Irrenheil- kunde (1844). He also edited thejahriuch der Straf- und Besserungsanstalten (Berlin, 1829- '48), and in concert with Gerson the Magazin der ausldndischen Literatur der gesammten Heilkunde (Hamburg, 1821-'3o). In 1849 he returned to Hamburg, where he had previously practised his profession. His German trans- lation of Ticknor's " History of Spanish Lit- erature" appeared in 1852 (2 vols., Leipsic), and in 1866 a supplementary volume, edited by A. Wolf, was published. JULIUS A I UK VM S. See AFEICANUS. .11 1, 1, IK'S, Louis Georges, a French composer, born at Sisteron, Basses- Alpes, April 23, 1812, died in Paris, April 16, 1860. At six years of age he was a skilful performer on the violin, and about 1830 gained admittance as a pupil into the conservatoire at Paris, where he was instructed by Cherubini. In 1839 he went to England, and for a number of years directed promenade concerts in London with great suc- cess. In 1853 he produced at Co vent Garden theatre an opera entitled Pietro il Grande; and in the same year, accompanied by a large orchestra, he visited the United States, in the chief cities of which he gave concerts. His subsequent career was less prosperous, and he died in a charitable institution. JULY (Lat. Julius), the seventh month of the year, consisting of 31 days. By the Romans it was originally called Quintilis (quintus, fifth), it being the fifth month in the original Latin year, which before Numa began with March. The name was changed to July, by proposal of Mark Antony, in honor of Julius Csesar, who was born on the 12th of this month. In the Athenian calendar, the latter part of Sciro- phorion and the first part of Hecatombeon correspond to July. The Anglo-Saxons called it meed monath (mead month), because the meads were then in bloom, and liiha aftera (latter mild month), June being known as the "earlier mild month." Charlemagne gave it the name of Heumonat (hay month). The French revolutionary calendar merged it in the last part of Messidor and the first of Thermidor. JUMNA, a river of Hindostan, and the princi- pal tributary of the Ganges. It rises in Gur- whal, near the S. base of the Himalaya, in lat. 31 N., Ion. 78 32' E. at the foot of a group of hills called the Jumnotri peaks, near which it receives the overflow of several hot springs. It is here a violent torrent, having for 16 m. an average descent of 314 ft. per mile. After a S. W. course of about 60 m., during which it is joined by several large mountain streams, it receives the Tonse in lat. 30 30', Ion. 77 53'. About 97 m. from its source it enters the plain of Hindostan, flowing S., and divides into several branches. It here becomes navigable by rafts. After passing Delhi, where it is crossed by a bridge of boats, its general course is S. E. It joins the Ganges at Allahabad, 619 m. below Delhi, and 860 m. from its source. In the lower part of its course