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 JttLIOH JULIUS 711 where old Silenus censures their vices and crimes ; and the " Misopogon," or the " Beard- Hater," in which the emperor exposes the licen- tiousness and effeminacy of the citizens of An- tioch, who had ridiculed the beard of their sovereign, such appendages not being fashion- able in that city. His treatise against the Christians has been lost, except those extracts preserved in the refutation of it by Cyril of Alexandria. The best collective edition of the works of Julian is that of Spanheim (Leipsic, 1696). The most celebrated modern lives of Julian are by Gibbon in his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" by the abbe de la Blet- terie, ffistoire de Vempereur Julien VApostat (Paris, 1735) ; and by Neander, Ueber den Jfai- serJulianus und sein Zeitalter (Leipsic, 1812). .li Ll< II (Fr. Juliers), a town of Prussia, in the province of the Rhine, capital of a circle celebrated for fertility, in the district and 17 m. N. E. of the city of Aix-la-Chapelle ; pop. in 1871, 5,244. It is in a fertile plain, sur- rounded by low swampy grounds which make it unhealthy. Among its manufactures are common and white leather, soap, and vinegar. It has also some trade in cattle and in country produce. Coal is- mined in its neighborhood. The town was the Juliacum mentioned in the " Itinerary " of Antoninus. One of the impe- rial counts of Julich, Gerhard I., assisted Henry the Fowler in his warfare against the Hunga- rians, and the county of Julich was raised to the rank of a duchy in favor of Gerhard's de- scendants by the emperor Charles IV. (1357). For a long time afterward Julich was one of the independent duchies on the Rhine, until the beginning of the 16th century, when the male line of hereditary dukes became extinct, and Julich was united through the female line with Cleves, having previously been united with Berg. After the expiration of the house of Cleves in 1609, the contest about "the Julich succession " formed one of the preludes to the thirty years' war. The dispute was not settled before 1666, when Julich and Berg were given to the counts palatine of Neuburg. Julich was annexed by the French republic, and by the congress of Vienna allotted to Prussia, with the exception of a few localities annexed to the Dutch province of Limburg. The razing of the fortress of Julich was be- gun in 1860. .11 1.IK. Stanislas Algnan, a French orientalist, born in Orleans, Sept. 20, 1799, died in Paris, Feb. 14, 1873. He was the son of a noted mechanician. After completing his classical studies in his native town, he went to Paris, where he studied several living European lan- guages and perfected his knowledge of an- cient Greek. Gail, professor of Greek in the college de France, appointed him his substi- tute in 1821 ; and to vindicate his claims to this distinction, he published in 1823 a criti- cal edition of the poem of Coluthus, 'EMvw 'Apxayf/, with translations in Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, English, and German. In 1824, under the title of La lyre patriotique de la Grece, he produced a French translation of the lyrical poems of the modern Greek poet Calvos of Zante. A young Scotchman inspired him with a taste for the Chinese lan- guage, and introduced him to Sir William Drummond, who supplied him with the means of studying it. He also attended the lectures of Abel Rfimusat, and mastered the Chinese with such uncommon rapidity that within a year he was able to translate into Latin the writings of Mencius. In 1832 he succeeded Abel Remusat as professor of the Chinese lan- guage and literature, and afterward did much toward making the literature of China known in Europe, publishing translations of many Chinese tales, poems, dramas, and other books. His most important publication, under the general title Voyages des pelerins Boudhistes (3 vols., Paris, 1853-'8), throws much light on the early history, geography, and religion of India. In 1869 was published his Syntaxe nomelle de la langue chinoise, and at the time of his death he was engaged in the preparation of a complete Chinese dictionary. .1 1 I.I i:i;s. See JULICH. .11 1. II S. the name of three popes. I. Saint, born in Rome, died there, April 12, 352. He was chosen pope, Feb. 6, 337. He sustained Athanasius in his contest with the Arians, and summoned a council in 342, in which the course of Athanasius was approved, and the pope addressed a letter in his defence to the church of Alexandria. At his instance a gen- eral council was held at Sardica in 347, for the purpose of averting the threatened schism be- tween the churches, at which it is asserted that the right of arbitration in cases of depo- sition of bishops was reserved to the see of Rome. The feast of St. Julius is celebrated on April 12. Two letters of his are given in the Eputolce Romanomm Pontificttm. II. Ginliano della Knven*, born at Albisola Marina in 1441, died Feb. 21, 1513. He was bishop successively of Carpentras, Albano, Ostia, Bologna, Avignon, and Mende, and was made cardinal by his un- cle Sixtus IV., who also gave him command of the papal troops sent against the revolted Um- brians. His success in this war so increased his popularity, that Alexander VI. on assuming the tiara banished him from Rome. Julius returned to the camp, and contributed an im- portant part in the conquest of Naples by Charles VIII., the rising of the Genoese, and the expulsion of Luigi Sforza. On the death of Alexander, Aug. 18, 1503, he caused the election of the aged Pius III., who survived his elevation only 26 days, and Julius himself was then chosen on the first ballot. His first care on coming to the throne was to drive out Csesar Borgia from the Papal States, his next to strengthen and extend the power of the holy see. The refractory nobility at home were soon reduced to obedience, but the Venetians, who held Ravenna, Rimini, and other terri- tories of the church, were a more formidable