Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/729

 JUILLERAT JUJTJY 709 grace stirred tip the Roman spirit, a new army was raised, and Q. Ciecilius Metellus was sent to succeed Albinus. Metellus was at once an able general and an honest man. After the first campaign Jugurtha was willing to pur- chase peace on any conditions short of surren- dering himself a prisoner of war. But Metel- lus was ambitious not only of terminating the war, but of adorning his triumph with the vanquished, and the contest was renewed. Jugurtha avoided a general engagement, and Metellus discontinued offensive operations on hearing that Marius was to supersede him in the command. Marius arrived in Africa in 107, speedily reduced almost all the king's strong- holds, and gradually subjected his territory to the dominion of Rome. Jugurtha, seeing his kingdom slipping from his grasp, had formed an alliance with Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and the united forces attacked the army of Marius on its march, but after a desperate contest were totally defeated. The Mauritanian king now deserted his ally, and enticed him into an am- buscade, where he was made prisoner, and de- livered in chains to Sulla, the qurestor of Ma- rius. lie was taken to Rome, and, after adorn- ing the triumph of his conqueror (Jan. 1, 104), was cast into prison, where he died of starva- tion in six days. The details of the life of Ju- gurtha are chiefly known from the interesting history of the "Jugurthine War" by Sallust. JUILLERAT, Clotilde Gerard, a French painter, born in Lyons about 1810. She studied under Delaroche, and exhibited her first works in 1833. In 1840 she married the poet and dra- matist Paul Juillerat (born in Paris about 1815). Her productions include many fine portraits. JUJUBE, a name given to species of zizyphus, especially Z. vulgaris, a small tree, native of Jujube (Zizyphus vulgaris). Asia, belonging to the rhamnacece or buck- thorn family. The Arabic name of the tree is zizuf, from which is derived the generic name, and probably also jujube through the French. In its native country it is a tree 20 or 30 ft. high, but it will bear fruit when only a shrub; it has prickly branches, oval, thick, shining leaves, inconspicuous greenish flowers, and a fruit of the shape of an olive, but not quite so large, .which in ripening turns yellow and then red ; the fruit contains a single bony nut surrounded by a fleshy pulp, which is somewhat acid when fresh, but when dried is sweet and agreeable to the taste. In the East the fruit is eaten both fresh and dried ; it is considered as mildly medicinal, and a sirup and a paste of jujubes are used in Europe for coughs and catarrhs ; the true jujube paste is made of the pulps of jujubes, gum arable, and sugar, but that which is sold under the name is merely gelatine and sugar, sometimes with a little tartaric acid and flavoring. The tree has fruited in Georgia, and would probably be hardy further north; aside from its fruit, it is worth cultivating, where the climate will allow, on account of its graceful habit and fine foliage. The Chinese cultivate several vari- eties of Z.jujuba, the fruit of which, known to foreigners as Chinese dates, is much esteemed by them. Z. lotos is one of several plants sup- posed to be the lotus of the lotophagi. An African species, Z. Baclei, has a fruit which tastes like gingerbread. JUJUT. I. A province of the Argentine Re- public, bounded K. by Bolivia, E. by the Gran Chaco, S. by the province of Salta, and W. by Bolivia; area, about 30,000 sq. m. ; pop., in 1869, including foreigners, 40,379. The whole N. W. portion is an elevated plain called the Puna, which is a continuation of the great Bo- livian table land, and which terminates some- what abruptly to the south and east in a moun- tain chain extending due N. from Salta, and presenting a few snow-covered peaks of about 14,000 ft. E. of these mountains the territory gently inclines toward the plains of the Cha- co, with a few inconsiderable mountains. The valleys bounded by the several ridges, especial- ly those of the east, are exceedingly fertile, owing to abundant irrigation, an advantage not enjoyed in the Puna and the W. country generally. The principal river is the San Fran- cisco or Grande, which flows in a semicircle forming the southern boundary of the prov- ince, receives numerous tributaries, and joins the Bermejo 25 miles S. of Oran. In the Puna are two lakes, Toro in the south and Casabindo in the north, both of considerable extent, and the second furnishing inexhaustible quantities of salt, much of which is exported. Asphalt, petroleum, gold, silver, copper, iron, and quick- silver abound in most districts ; but for want of suitable means of transportation no mines have as yet been worked. Although mostly comprised within the tropics, this province has a mild and salubrious climate. The arboreal vegetation is luxuriant, and includes the mat6, dragon's blood, and Peruvian balsam trees, and many kinds of timber and cabinet woods.