Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/718

 698 JUARROS JUBILEE Gen. Forey, regarding the defence of the capital as hopeless, abandoned it on May 81, 1863, and established his government at San Luis Potosi (June 10), whence he was com- pelled to retreat to Monterey, and thence to Chihuahua, arriving at the last city on Oct. 12, 1864. Meantime the archduke Maximilian of Austria had assumed the functions of emperor at the capital. Continued reverses of Juarez's troops rendered it necessary for him to with- draw as far north as El Paso del Norte, where he fixed his government on Aug. 15, 1865. While at this place, his term of office having expired (Nov. 30), Gen. Gonzalez Ortega, in virtue of his position as president of the su- preme court of justice, asserted his right to assume the executive power ; but Juarez, fore- seeing the disastrous effects that a change of government might produce at such a juncture, declared his term of administration extended until peace should be restored and new con- stitutional elections take place. To avoid the appearance of abandoning the national soil, he frequently refused invitations of the American commander of Fort Bliss to visit him. In June, 1866, his arms obtained a first decided success ; and continuing victorious, he left El Paso and steadily advanced southward, tarrying for brief periods at Chihuahua, Durango, Zaca- tecas, and San Luis Potosi (February, 1867), while the troops under Maximilian were con- centrated in the city of Queretaro, after the reiimbarkation for France of the forces under Bazaine. That place was soon invested by the Juarez troops, and Maximilian captured and shot (June 19). On July 16 Juarez reen- tered the capital of the republic, and in Octo- ber he was reflected constitutional president. The five succeeding years were marked by a series of revolutions, in which the principal actors were Gen. Porfirio Diaz (the unsuccess- ful candidate against Juarez in 1867) and his partisans. Peace was restored in 1872 ; and Juarez, who had been reflected in 1871, seemed likely to enjoy a season of tranquillity; but Ms constitution, naturally strong, had gradu- ally given way under the trials which beset his stormy administration, and he died of apoplexy. JIIARROS, Domingo, a Central American ec- clesiastic, died about 1820. He was synodal examiner to the archbishop of Guatemala, and wrote Compendia de la historia de la ciudad de Guatemala, in six books (Guatemala, 1800- '18). It embraces accounts of Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. JCBA I., king of Numidia, son of Hiempsal (who had been restored to the throne by Pom- pey), died by his own hand in 46 B. C. Juba succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, and in the conflict between Caesar and Pompey he sided with the latter, both from enmity to Caesar, with whom he had quarrelled on an official visit to Rome during his father's lifetime, and from friendship for the man to whom his father owed his crown. The mo- ment Curio, Cfflsar's lieutenant, landed in Afri- ca (49), Juba hastened to the succor of Atius Varus, the commander of Pompey's forces. Varus had already been defeated under the walls of Dtica ; but on the approach of Juba, Curio retreated and assumed a strong post near the sea. He was drawn from his posi- tion by a stratagem, and overthrown, him- self being slain, and his army almost cut to pieces. Juba sullied the glory of this victory by cruelty, causing some cohorts of cavalry who had surrendered to be massacred. He enjoyed his kingdom in peace till 46 B. C., when Cfesar arrived in Africa to crush the last remnant of the Pompeian faction. Bocchus, king of Mauritania, was incited to invade Ju- ba's dominions, and a Roman force was sent to cooperate with him. Juba heard of their inroad on the way to join Scipio, the Pom- peian commander, and turned against them, but finally went to Scipio's aid. The rival hosts encountered at Thapsus, and the result proved fatal to the Numidian and his allies. Juba, fleeing from the field, wandered about for a few days as a fugitive, and then in de- spair killed himself. After his death his king- dom was formed into a Roman province, of which the historian Sallust was the first gover- nor. His infant son, JUBA II., was taken to Rome and carefully educated, and became a favorite of Octavius, who in 30 B. C. restored him to his father's kingdom, which in 25 was exchanged for Mauritania and a part of Gietu- lia. He wrote many valuable historical and other works, all of which are lost. He is sup- posed to have died about A. D. 18. JUBBl'LPORE, a town of India, in the British territory of Saugor and Nerbudda, at the base of a rocky hill, near the Nerbudda river, 200 m. S. W. of Allahabad, and capital of a district of 6,237 sq. m., with about 500,000 inhabitants. The population of the town is not stated, but it has acquired importance as a station on the East Indian railway. It is a large and flourish- ing place, with a renowned school of industry, established in 1850 in place of the former col- lege. In the vicinity are many remarkable geological formations, and a number of lakes and tanks, which in the rainy season are so swollen as to make the place inaccessible, and to strengthen its strategical position. A small English force defeated here, Dec. 19, 1817, 5,000 Mahratta troops of the rajah of Nagpore. The town has an English garrison and apolitical agent subordinate to the authorities of Saugor. JUBILEE, a festive twelvemonth of the an- cient Hebrews, celebrated every 50th year, and inaugurated by the blowing of trumpets (yolel.) According to the Mosaic law every 7th year as well as every 7th day was observed as a period of rest. To avoid the difficulty of supposing two successive years to be thus ob- served, some critics have endeavored to prove that the year of jubilee was the 49th instead of the 50th. During this year there was nei- ther sowing nor reaping, all depending alike on the spontaneous products of the earth and