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 JOUNPOEE JOUVENET 693 772 "foot pounds," which is the measure of the force called the mechanical equivalent of heat. (See CORRELATION OF FORCES.) In con- sideration of these important labors, the Rum- ford medal of the royal society was awarded to him in 1852, and in 1870 he received the Copley medal. His contributions to scientific peri- odicals and other publications have been nu- merous and important. He was elected a fel- low of the royal society in 1850; has received the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford, and of LL. D. from Dublin and Edinburgh ; is a corre- sponding member of the institute of France; and was president of the British association for the advancement of science in 1873. JOl'M'ORE. See JOONPOOB. JOI'KD.t V Antoine Jaeqoes Louis a French physician, born in Paris, Oct. 29, 1788, died there, Jan. 2, 1848. He was a surgeon in the army and In military hospitals till 1814, and took the degree of M. D. in Paris in 1819. He wrote Traite complet des maladies veneriennes (2 vols., 1826), Pharmacopee universelle (2 vols., 1828; 2d ed., 1840), and Dictionnaire raisonne, etymologiqite, synonymique et poly- glotte des termes unites dans les sciences (2 vols., 1834). He translated many works from the German (including those of Hahnemann), Eng- lish, Italian, and Latin. JOIRDAX, Jean Baptiste, count, a French general, born in Limoges, April 29, 1762, died in Paris, Nov. 23, 1833. He enlisted in the army when scarcely 16 years old, served five years in America under Count d'Estaing, and was discharged in 1784. He then became a merchant's clerk, and had married a milliner and adopted her business when the revolution broke out. He became a lieutenant of the na- tional guards, and was in 1791 elected to com- mand a battalion of volunteers ; he joined the army of the north, distinguished himself in Belgium under Dumonriez, was appointed brigadier general in 1793, and four months later promoted to the rank of general of divi- sion. Wounded at the battle of Hondschoote, he had scarcely recovered when he was placed in command of the army of the north. He drove the imperial troops from their position at Wattignies, Oct. 16, 1793, and was called to Paris to consult with the committee of public safety ; but being unexpectedly placed on the retired list, he returned to his shop at Limoges. But his services could not well be dispensed with, and on April 15, 1794, he received the command of the army of the Moselle. A few days later he was transferred to that of the Sambre and Meuse, with which he won (June 26) the victory of Fleurus, executed several other successful operations, and drove the Aus- trians beyond the Rhine. In 1795 he displayed uncommon talents in crossing that river. In 1796 he advanced into Germany, and defeated Clerfayt at Altenkirchen ; but being subse- quently worsted near Wurzburg by the arch- duke Charles, he was obliged to fall back, and resigned his command. In 1797 he was elected to the council of 500, where he pro- cured the adoption of the law of military con- scription. He was president of that body in October, 1798, when he resigned his legisla- tive functions to assume the command of the army on the Danube. After a short and un- successful campaign, he returned to Paris, was reelected to the council of 500, refused to par- ticipate in the plans of Bonaparte for the sub- version of the directorial government, and was one of the members excluded from the corps legislatif formed after the 18th Brumaire. He nevertheless was sent by the first consul on a special mission to Piedmont, and reconciled that country to the French domination. He was appointed marshal of the empire and grand eagle of the legion of honor in 1804, but re- ceived no important command, and lived in comparative inactivity until he was appointed in 1806 governor of Naples, and became the principal adviser and friend of Joseph Bona- parte. He accompanied Joseph to Spain, with the title of major general of the armies of his Catholic majesty ; but he had as such neither authority nor influence, and was not answer- able for the reverses of the French armies in the Peninsula from 1808 to 1813. He was treated by Napoleon with a coldness amounting to disgrace. In 1814, having assented to the deposition of Napoleon, he received a peerage from Louis XVIII. He joined Napoleon du- ring the hundred days, but on his defeat at Waterloo went back to the Bourbons, was cre- ated a count, then governor of the seventh military division, and in 1819 peer of France. On the revolution of July, 1830, he held for a few days the ministry of foreign affairs, and was appointed by Louis Philippe governor of the Invalides. He was honest, and died poor. JOURNALISM. See NEWSPAPERS. JHl'TKL, Henri, a French explorer, born in Rouen about 1651. He was the son of a gar- dener, served in the army from an early age, and in 1684 joined La Salle's expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. La Snlle placed Jou- tel in command of his first fort in Texas, and also of the larger one, St. Louis, when he set out in November, 1685, to seek the river. On the last expedition, in January, 1687, Joutel accompanied La Salle, and was in charge of the camp when the latter was assassinated. Leaving the murderers, he set out with La Salle's brother and nephew and three others, and reached Canada by way of the Illinois. Thence he returned to France in 1688, and retired to his native city. In 1713 appeared at Paris his Journal historique du dernier voyage que feu M. de la Sale fit dans le gol/e de Mexique, edited by M. de Michel. Charle- voix met Joutel at Rouen in 1723, and speaks highly of him. The only stain on him is his complicity in the fraud practised by Cavelier on Tonty in the Illinois country. JOCVENET, Jean, a French painter, born in Rouen about 1645, died in Paris, April 5, 1717. He belonged to a family of artists, be-