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 JOTUNS JOUFFROY 691 vols., 1832-'4), and in 1839-'41 edited the Isra- clilische Annalen (Frankfort). JOTO'S. See MYTHOLOGY. JOIBERT, Barthelemy Catherine, a French gen- eral, born at Pont-de-Vaux, in Bresse, April 14, 1769, fell at the battle of Novi, Aug. 15, 1799. He enlisted in the army in 1791, dis- tinguished himself on the Rhine and in Italy, and especially in the invasion of Tyrol which preceded the peace of Campo Formio (1797). Napoleon gave him the highest praise, and sent him to Paris with the trophies of his bril- liant victories, upon which the directory suc- cessively placed him at the head of the army in Holland, at Mentz, and in Italy (August, 1798), where he speedily occupied Piedmont and gained possession of vast materials of war in the arsenal of Turin and other places. He took umbrage in 1799 at the commissioners ap- pointed by the directory for the prevention of venality among the generals, and tendered his resignation, which was accepted. He was soon reinstated in his command, but being detained in Paris by his marriage with Mile, de Montho- lon, he reached his headquarters only in August to take the place of Moreau. Joubert, in order to recover the ground lost during his absence (Alessandria and Mantua having surrendered in July), at once crossed the mountains of Montferrat with 20,000 men, took Acqui, and effected a junction with the remains of the army of Naples under Championnet, when his forces mustered about 40,000, against 70,000 Russians and Austrians. Before he had time to carry out his project of retiring to the passes of the Apennines to await additional reen- forcements, he was attacked at the dawn of Aug. 15 by Suvaroff, and, exposing himself to the fire of the enemy, was shot while encour- aging his soldiers, and died begging one of his aides-de-camp to make the Russians believe that he was still alive. Joubert's death was mourned as a great public calamity. Fort La Malgue at Toulouse received the name of Fort Joubert, and monuments in his honor were erected at Bourg and in the senate building. It was generally believed that if he had lived, he instead of Napoleon would have been called upon by the directory to restore order in Paris. JOI lil'ORi:. See JOODPOOB. JOCFFROY, Theodore Simon, a French philoso- pher of the eclectic school, born in the ham- let of Les Pontets, Doubs, July 6, 1796, died in Paris, Feb. 4, 1842. After attending the college ot Nozeroy, he was confided in 1807 to the care of his uncle, an ecclesiastic and professor in the college of Pontarlier, with whom he remained four years, and was then transferred to the college of Dijon. Rollin was the first author in whom he took delight, and history continued through his life to be a constant and favorite study. He had already attempted a tragedy, when in 1814 he was se- lected as a brilliant pupil for admission into the normal school. Theological meditations had led him to the highest problems, and he describes himself as at this time uncertain about the enigma of human destiny, yet detesting in- credulity, and resolute to solve the question by the light of reason, since he had lost that of faith. He was thus in a condition to be strongly impressed by the youngest of his masters, Vic- tor Cousin, whose eloquent lectures decisively directed his vocation to philosophy. In 1817 he became pupil-assistant in the philosophical department of the normal school, at the same time lecturing in the Bourbon college, and ful- filled both tasks till his health obliged him to resign the latter in 1820. By the suppression of the normal school in 1822, he was deprived of public employment for five years, and in the interval he delivered a private course of lectures, attended by the e'lite of the young men of the capital; published philosophical articles in the Globe and other journals and reviews, one of which, entitled Comment les dogmes Jinissent, added much to his reputation ; translated the " Moral Philosophy " of Dugald Stewart (Paris, 1826), to which he furnished an elaborate preface; and began his transla- tion of the complete works of Thomas Reid (6 vols., Paris, 1828-'35), to which he added sev- eral of the lectures of Royer-Collard, and a preface in which he undertook a complete ex- amination of the Scottish philosophy. In 1828 he was made assistant professor of ancient phi- losophy in the faculty of letters of Paris, and, interested rather in philosophy than its history, treated of the faculties of the soul in a course of lectures on the first " Alcibiades " of Plato ; and in 1830 became adjunct professor of the history of modern philosophy, and delivered his Cours de droit naturel (2 vols., 1835 ; vol. iii., edited by Damiron, 1842), his most elo- quent work, which treats at once of ethics, psychology, and theodicy. In 1831 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and in 1833 was appointed to the chair of Greek literature and philosophy in the college de France, and elected to the academy of moral and political sciences. In 1835 he was obliged to seek a restoration of his health in Italy, and on his return in 1838 resigned his professorship to succeed Laromiguifire as librarian of the uni- versity. His feeble voice and calm and me- thodical mind alike unfitted him to excel in the chamber of deputies, though from his abilities and personal character he always commanded attention. In 1840 he was called into the royal council of public instruction, and, being ap- pointed to draw up the address of the new ministry, maintained that its administration should be distinguished by some broad differ- ence from that which had preceded it. Find- ing himself in a minority, his disappointment had a fatal influence on his already broken health. His principal works not already men- tioned are the Melanges philosophises (1833), containing 28 essays, most of which had be- fore appeared in periodicals; the Nouveaiix melanges philosophises, edited by Damiron (1842); and the Cours d'esthetique, also edited