Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/696

 676 JONAH JONES sion; but Berthier, who was unfriendly to him, put him tinder arrest on account of some trifling irregularities in his routine duties. This treatment he deeply resented ; and after the armistice of Pla'gwitz he left the French army and repaired to the headquarters of Alexander, who appointed him his aide-de- camp. Sentence of death was passed against him as a deserter. The rumor that he betrayed the military plans of the French was wholly unfounded, according to Napoleon's own dec- laration. Jomini even declined taking an ac- tive part in the operations of the allied armies against France. In 1815 he accompanied the czar to Paris, and received the cross of the order of St. Louis from Louis XVIII. He tried, but in vain, to save the life of Ney. After sojourning in France to superintend the publication of his great work, Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la revolution de 1792 a 1801, written in conjunction with Col. Koch (15 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1819-'24), he re- turned to Eussia in 1822, and was intrusted with the completion of the military education of the grand duke Nicholas, who on his acces- sion to the throne retained him as his aide-de- camp. ' He served in 1828 during the Russian war against Turkey, and organized in 1830 the Russian military academy. He then retired to Brussels, but hastened to St. Petersburg on the breaking out of the Crimean war. He spent the last years of his life in Brussels and Passy. Besides the above mentioned works, which are the basis of his reputation as a military writer, his chief publications are: Principes de la strategic (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1818); Vie poli- tique et militaire de Napoleon, racontee par lui-meme au tribunal de Cesar, d'Alexandre et de Frederic (4 vols., 1827) ; Tableau analytique des principals combinations de la guerre et de leurs rapports avec la politique des etats (4th ed., St. Petersburg, 1836); Precis de Part de la guerre, ou nouveau Tableau analytique des principales combinaisons de la strategie, de la grande tactique et de la politique militaire (1830; new ed., Paris, 1855); Precu politique et militaire de la campagne de 1815 (1839); Appendice au Precis la Vhistoire de la guerre (1849). The following translations of his works have appeared in the United States : "Art of War," by Capt. G. H. Mendell and Lieut. W. P. Craighill (Philadelphia, 1862); " Political and Military Life of Napoleon," by Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck (4 vols. 8vo, New York, 1864); "Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo," by Capt. S. V. Benet (New York, 1864) ; " Treatise on Grand Military Operations, and Art of War," by Col. 8. B. Holabird (2 vols. 8vo, with atlas, New York, 1865). JONAH, the fifth of the minor Hebrew proph- ets, son of Amittai, born in Gath-hepher, in the tribe of Zebulun, prophesied in the kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam II. The book called after him relates that he received the divine command to go to Nineveh and denounce the wickedness of that city. Fearing to under- take the mission, he embarked at Joppa for Tarshish, that^ie might flee from the presence of the Lord.' Overtaken by a tempest, the mariners threw him overboard as the cause of their disaster. He was swallowed by a great fish, within which he lived three days and three nights, when the monster threw him forth upon dry land. Again sent to Nineveh, he prophesied the destruction of that city with- in 40 days. The Ninevites repented, and God forbore to execute the sentence which he had pronounced. Jonah complained of this result, retired from the city, and while dwelling in a booth was symbolically reproved by God. The literal interpretation of the book of Jo- nah was maintained by the early ecclesiasti- cal authors. Various allegorical and mythical interpretations have been advanced by some modern critics, as Semler, Michaelis, Herder, Eichhorn, Meier, and De Wette. A modern oriental tradition places the tomb of Jonah at Nebi Yunus, opposite Mosul. (See NINEVEH.) See Jager, Ueber den Zweclc des Bitches Jo- nas (1840), and Krahmer, Das Buck Jonas his- torisch-lcritisch untersucJit (1846), besides the collective works on the minor prophets by Hitzig, Keil, and Lange. JONAS, Justus, a German theologian, born in Nordhausen in 1493, died in Eisfeld in 1555. He studied law and afterward theology at Er- furt, and was appointed in 1521 professor at Wittenberg, where he embraced with zeal the doctrines of the reformation, becoming inti- mate with Luther and accompanying him to the diet at Worms. He was present at the conference in Marburg and at the imperial diet of Augsburg. In 1541 he was appointed preacher at Halle, from which place when ban- ished he accompanied Luther on his last jour- ney to Eisleben. At the time of his death he was pastor and superintendent at Eisfeld. He assisted Luther in translating the Bible. The work by which he is best known is the Discus- sio pro Conjugio Sacerdotali (1523). JONATHAN, brother of Judas Maccabasus. See HEBREWS, vol. viii., p. 592. JONES, the name of five counties in the United States. I. A S. E. county of North Carolina, drained by Trent river; area, 380 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,002, of whom 2,656 were colored. It has a level and marshy sur- face, with pine and cypress forests, and a sandy soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 96,385 bushels of Indian corn, 14,139 of sweet potatoes, and 1,196 bales of cotton. There were 251 horses, 256 mules and asses, 683 milch cows, 1,594 other cattle, 1,610 sheep, and 4,717 swine. Capital, Trenton. II. A central county of Georgia, bounded W. by Ocmulgee river ; area, 360 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,436, of whom 6,445 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil generally good, though much worn. Iron, granite, and quartz are found. The central Georgia railroad passes along its southern boundary, and the Macon