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 JOHNSTON JOHNSTOWN 671 era Borders" (vol. i., "Botany," 8vo, 1854), and he was engaged at the time of his death upon a complete work on British annelids. He is considered one of the most accomplished contributors to the literature of natural history, and was one of the founders of the Ray society. JOHNSTON, James F. W., a Scottish chemist and agricultural writer, born in Paisley about 1796, died in Durham, England, Sept. 18, 1855. When a young man he supported himself by preparing students for the Glasgow university, and in 1825 he established a school at Durham. In 1830 he married, gave up his seminary, went to Sweden, and became a pupil of Berzelius. On his return he settled in Edinburgh, and was appointed chemist to the agricultural society of Scotland, filling at the same time the office of lecturer on chemistry and mineralogy in the university of Durham. After the dissolution of the society he removed to Durham, and de- _ voted himself chiefly to the composition of works on agricultural chemistry. He subse- quently visited the United States and France. His works are : " Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology" (8vo, Edinburgh, 1842) ; " Suggestions for Experiments in Agri- culture " (8vo, 1843) ; " Catechism of Agricul- tural Chemistry and Geology" (16mo, 1844), translated and used as a school text book in most countries of Europe and America ; " Lec- tures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology " (8vo, 1844) ; " Contributions to Scientific Agri- culture" (1849); "Treatise on Experimental Agriculture " (1849) ; " Use of Lime in Agri- culture" (1849); "Notes on North America, Agricultural, Economical, and Social" (2 vols. 8vo, 1851) ; " Instructions for Analysis of Soils, Limestone, &c." (3d ed., 1855) ; and " Chemis- try of Common Life" (2 vols., 1854-'5). JOHNSTON, Joseph Eetleston, an American soldier, born in Prince Edward co., Va., in February, 1807. He graduated at West Point in 1829, and served mainly in garrison duty till 1834, and afterward in the Seminole war, in which he was aide to Gen. Scott. He resigned in May, 1837, and became a civil engineer, but in July, 1838, reentered the army, with the rank of first lieutenant of topographical engi- neers, and was brevetted as captain for gallan- try during the war with the Florida Indians. He served in the topographical bureau, and in 1843 on the survey of the boundaries between the United States and the British provinces. From 1844 to 1846 he was engaged on the coast sur- vey. During the Mexican war he served as captain of topographical engineers under Gen. Scott in all the important actions, was twice wounded, and successively brevetted as major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel. The regiment of voltigeurs, of which he had been made lieu- tenant colonel, was disbanded in 1848, but he was replaced in his former rank as captain in the army. From 1853 to 1855 he was in charge of western river improvements. He was subsequently employed in various duties in Kansas and elsewhere, and in 1868 was act- 456 VOL. ix. 43 ing inspector general in the Utah expedition. In June, 1860, he became quartermaster gen- eral, with the rank of brigadier general of staff. He resigned his commission April 22, 1861, entered the confederate service, and commanded at the battle of Bull Run, and subsequently at Yorktown and Richmond. During the battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, 1862) he was severely wounded, and was for some months disabled for service. In November he reported for duty, and was assigned to the command of the departments of Tennessee and Mississippi. During Grant's Vicksburg cam- paign he made an attempt with a feeble force to extricate Pemberton, but was repulsed, May 14, 1863, at Jackson, and retreated to Canton. After Bragg's defeat at Chattanooga in Novem- ber, he took command of his army, occupying a position at Dalton, Ga., which was turned by Sherman early in May, 1864; whereupon Johnston fell back successively to Resaca, Alla- toona pass, Kenesaw mountain, and Atlanta, in turns fighting and flanked. Failing to satisfy the expectations of the authorities at Rich- mond, he was on July 17 ordered to turn over the command to Gen. Hood. Near the close of February, 1865, Sherman having marched from Atlanta to Savannah, and thence into South Carolina, Johnston was directed to assume the command of the army of Tennessee and all troops in the department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and to " concentrate all available forces and drive hack Sherman." The force which he could concentrate was wholly inadequate, and he was unable to check the march of the victorious army, though he fought a part of it at Bentonville, N. C. (March 19). Having learned that Lee had surrendered the army of Virginia to Grant, Johnston surrendered the forces under his command to Sherman, April 26, at Durham's Station, near Greensboro, N. C. In his fare- well order to his troops he said: "I earnestly exhort you to observe faithfully the terms of pacification agreed upon, and to discharge the obligations of good and peaceful citizens as well as you have performed the duties of thor- ough soldiers in the field." Since the close of the war he lias been actively engaged in the industrial reconstruction of the South, especial- ly in connection with its agricultural, commer- cial, and railroad enterprises, residing at Sa- vannah, Ga. He has published a "Narrative of Military Operations " directed by him during the war between the states (New York, 1874). JOHNSTONE, a town of Renfrewshire, Scot- land, on the Black Cart Water, 10 m. W. of Glasgow; pop. in 1871, 6,882. It has grown rapidly in population and importance within the last 50 years, in consequence of the estab- lishment of cotton mills and iron and brass founderies. It is well built, and contains five churches and several schools and libraries. JOHNSTOWN. I. A village in the town of the same name, seat of justice of Fulton co., New York, on Cayadutta creek, a branch of