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 JESUITS G33 during the reigns of Lonis XVIII. and Charles X., they obtained only toleration, and eight of their colleges, with about 3,500 pupils, were closed in 1828 by order of the government. The revolution of July, 1830, banished them again " for ever " from France, notwithstand- ing which they were able to maintain them- selves. In 1845 the chamber of deputies, with only a few dissenting votes, requested the gov- ernment to have their houses closed ; but no de- cree was issued against them, and after a brief interval they resumed their labors everywhere. In 1859 they there possessed 61 establishments in 38 dioceses. In 1866 they numbered in all 2,464, and in 1873 2,482, exclusive of the mem- bers belonging to the mission of New York and Canada. During the second empire the educational establishments of the French Jes- uits entered into a successful competition with the university schools. Their special scientific school in Paris attained such eminence that the emperor was induced to give them the old college St. Clement in Metz, where a second special school was established scarcely inferior to that of Paris. At the same time they ac- cepted from the government the chaplaincy of the penal settlement of Cayenne, where the dreadful climate soon destroyed upward of 30 priests, and they multiplied their missionary colonies in Africa, Syria, Madagascar, India, and China. In the Netherlands King William I. permitted them to form establishments, and after the separation of Belgium from Holland they increased largely in the former. The Bel- gian province reckoned 643 members in 1873, and the province of Holland 313. The gov- ernment of Austria admitted them into Galicia, which in 1820 was made a separate province of the ord_er. The revolution of 1848 endan- gered their existence in Austria for a short time, but after 1849 their establishments in- creased rapidly. The government transferred to them seven of the state colleges, and intrusted to them one chair in the theological faculty of Vienna, and the entire theological faculty of the university of Innspruck. The Austrian Jesuits at the present time (July, 1874) are threatened with suppression. The conversion of the duke of Anhalt-Kothen to the Roman Catholic church in 1825 was followed by the establish- ment of a mission of the Jesuits at Kothen, which existed till 1848. In the kingdom of Saxony they were expressly excluded from the country by*a provision in the constitution of 1831. The events of 1848, which expelled them from so many countries, opened to them a wide field of action in many of the German states, where they were permitted, for the first time since their restoration, to hold missions for eight or more days. Many of the larger Protestant cities, as Berlin, heard on this occa- sion the preaching of the Jesuits for the first time. They were allowed to settle in Prussia, and in Westphalia and the province of the Rhine they founded within a short time a con- siderable number of establishments. During the Franco-Prussian war of 18VO-71 the Jesu- its distinguished themselves in the service of the sick and wounded, and several of them were decorated by the emperor William. But the active part taken by the theologians of the order in advocating and promoting the dogma of pontifical infallibility, and the coalition of the ultramontane deputies with the separatists in the Reichstag, aroused the suspicions of the German imperial government, and led finally to their suppression and their expulsion from the German empire in 1873. Of the two prov- inces of Germany and Galicia, the former num- bered in that year 764, the latter 230 members. They were recalled to Switzerland as early as 1814 by the government of Valais, which also put them in possession of the former property of the order. In 1818 they founded a college at Fribourg, which soon became one of the most famous institutions of the order, and had nu- merous pupils (676 in 1845) from nearly every country of Europe. The decision of the grand council of Lucerne, in 1844, to call Jesuits to the chairs of the theological school and to one of the parish churches of the capital, greatly in- creased the excitement already existing against them in most of the Protestant cantons. Sev- eral incursions were made from other cantons to overthrow the local government in order to expel the Jesuits. They were however un- successful, and strengthened the separate alli- ance (Sonderbund) which the government of Lucerne had formed with six other cantons for the protection of what they considered their sovereign cantonal rights. In 1847 the federal diet demanded the dissolution of the Sonder- bund and the removal of the Jesuits; the seven cantons refusing submission to this de- cree, war ensued, and ended in breaking up the alliance and the expulsion of the Jesuits, who have ever since been forbidden by the federal constitution to return. The Swiss con- stitution, as revised in 1874, rigorously ex- cludes all religious corporations from the ter- ritory of the republic. In England, a rich Catholic, Thomas Weld of Lulworth castle, in 1799 gave to ex-members of the order Stony- hurst, which is still their largest establish- ment in that country. They conduct at pres- ent the colleges of Stonyhurst, near Whalley, Lancashire, Mount St. Mary's, near Ches- terfield, and Beaumont Lodge, near Windsor, besides the scholasticate of St. Beuno's at St. Asaph. They possess several other flourishing establishments in England and Scotland, and maintain missions in Guiana and Jamaica. In Ireland they have, besides the well known college of Clongowes, others at Tullabeg, Dub- lin, Limerick, and Galway, and a novitiate at Miltown Park, Donnybrook. The Irish prov- ince has also missionary establishments in Mel- bourne, Australia. In Russia, where their col- lege of Polotzk received in 1812 the rank of a university, they lost the favor of the emperor when several young noblemen, who had been their pupils, were received by them into the