Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/593

 JAUJA JAVA 573 the Katzbach, and on the Schweidnitz and Liegnitz railway, 12 in. S. S. E. of Liegnitz ; pop. in 1871, 9,964. It has a Protestant gymnasium, a hospital, and manufactories of leather, buckskin, and carpets. From 1314 to 1392 it was the capital of a principality of Jauer, which had an area of 1,200 sq. m., and contained the present circles of Jauer, Bunz- lau, Lowenberg, Hirschberg, and Schonau. JAI'JA, an inland town of Peru, in the de- partment of Junin, 108 m. E. by N. of Lima ; pop. about 16,000. It is delightfully situated in the valley and near the left bank of a river of the same name, which, afterward known as the Mantaro, is one of the principal branches of the Apurimac. The town has a fine cavalry barrack and several churches and schools, and in the vicinity are numerous weaving factories. The chief commerce is in horses of excellent breed and horned cattle. In the district of Jauja are the celebrated missionary convent of Ocapa and ruins of ancient Indian towns and castles. The climate, though somewhat cold, is very salubrious. This is one of the most an- cient towns in Peru, and was the capital of the viceroyalty until Jan. 18, 1535. JAUNDICE ( Fr. jaunigge, from jaune, yellow), a morbid affection known by the yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, the color of the skin sometimes becoming yellowish green or brown, the stools being usually whitish, and the course of the bile obstructed. Epidemics of jaundice have been observed, especially during and after military campaigns, during sieges, &c. ; and the disease is sometimes endemic, as in damp localities exposed to high temperatures. The attack is usually preceded by symptoms of dis- order of the liver and digestive organs, such as loss of appetite, irregular bowels or constipa- tion, colic pains, nausea, headache, languor; uneasiness in the region of the stomach and liver ; thirst, unpleasant taste in the mouth, tongue loaded at the base ; feeling of sinking, &c. Sooner or later the yellowness of surface appears ; sometimes this is the first symptom, and it usually takes in order the eyes, the face, neck, chest, and then the whole body. At first a light yellow, it deepens to a golden or orange hue, sometimes greenish. The color may appear in parts of the surface only, in a palsied side, the face, or a single eye ; or while yellow in some parts, it may be green or al- most black in others, constituting what is known s the black jaundice. The yellow tinge of visible objects, showing that the color- ing matter has diffused itself through the hu- mors of the eye, undoubtedly occurs, but is somewhat rare. The perspiration is yellowish. Fever, with quick or hard and full pulse, ap- pears in cases of active congestion or inflam- mation of the liver ; in others the pulse may be natural or irregular. From the time of the ap- pearance of the yellow hue, however, many of the preliminary symptoms may diminish. The attack is often sudden; when following vio- lent emotion, almost instantaneous. The course and duration are various, the disease disap- pearing or proving fatal as early as the fourth day, or lasting for months or years. The darker forms are most rapid and oftenest fatal. Favorable crises occur in the form of bilious diarrhffia, profuse perspiration, haemorrhage, or menorrhagia ; or improvement begins more quietly, the color fading from the surface in the reverse order of its appearance. Jaundice, properly speaking, can hardly be called a dis- ease. It is rather a symptom, the yellow color of the skin and excretions depending simply upon the retention in the circulation of the yellow coloring matter of the bile. Hence it may be a very serious or a trifling affection, according to the nature of the causes which give rise to it. When the coloring matter of the bile alone is retained in the circulation or reabsorbed from the liver, but little injury re- sults, and a patient deeply tinged with the color of jaundice from this cause may still be able to walk about and attend to his ordinary business without much discomfort. On the other hand, when all the ingredients of the bile, or the substances from which they are formed, accumulate in the circulation owing to a suspension of the physiological action of the liver or intestines, the disease becomes one of great gravity, and is usually fatal if not relieved within a period of about ten days. Death is generally preceded in these cases, as in those of poisoning by urea from suspended action of the kidneys, by signs of disorder in the nervous system, and at last by a condition of coma or profound insensibility. Attacks of jaundice belonging to the former class often pass off without any other treatment than a mild laxative and judicious regimen ; those of the second class often pass on to a fatal termi- nation notwithstanding the use of the most ac- tive remedies. JAVA) an island of the Indian archipelago, the most important colonial possession of the Netherlands in the East Indies, and the most fertile and prosperous tropical island in the world, situated between lat. 5 52' and 8 46' S., and Ion. 105 11' and 114 33' E. It is bounded N. by the sea of Java, which sepa- rates it from Borneo ; E. by a strait 2 m. wide, which separates it from the island of Bali ; S. by the Indian ocean ; and W. by the strait of Sunda, which separates it from Sumatra. Its length from E. to W. is 666 m., and its breadth varies from 56 to 135J m. ; area, 49,197 sq. m., or including the adjacent island of Madura, 51,- 336 sq. m. It is the fourth island of the archi- pelago in point of size, being exceeded in area by Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes. The coast line of Java is about 1,600 m. in extent, and is remarkably destitute of harbors, especially on the S. side, where there are but two ports, Pachitan and Chalachap. On the N. coast the chief harbors are those of Batavia and Sura- baya, but there are many open roadsteads with good anchorage, and the want of landlocked harbors is little felt in the calm waters of the