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 JAMES 519 offered the candidature for the crown of Po- land in 1696, but would not accept it. The treaty of Ryswick in 1697, by giving peace to France and England, removed all prospect of restoration ; but the ex-king and his family continued to be the guests of Louis XIV. His health declined, and on Sept. 2, 1701, he was struck with apoplexy, and died in two weeks. JAMES, Epistle of, one of the books of the New Testament canon, which has been ascribed to James the son of Zebedee, to a pseudo- James who assumed the name to gain author- ity, to James the son of Alpheus, and to James the brother of the Lord. Luther doubted its apostolic origin, and called it an "epistle of straw;" but recent Protestant theologians are generally in favor of its canonicity, without being able to agree as to its author. The en- tire recent literature on the epistle is reviewed in the Studien und Jfritiken, January, 1874, by Prof. Berschlag, who believes that it was writ- ten by James the brother of the Lord, whom he distinguishes from both the apostles of that name. He regards it as the oldest book of the New Testament, reflecting the sentiments of the most religious portion of the Jewish people, in which Jesus himself and his brothers were reared. It was addressed to the Jewish Chris- tians of Asia Minor. In his doctrine, James lays the greatest stress upon the necessity of works, in distinction from Paul and John, re- spectively the preachers of faith and love. That his doctrine is consistent with theirs, ex- hibiting it from another point of view, has been shown by Neander, in his practical expo- sition of the epistle. Its style is highly elo- quent and poetical. JAMES, George Payne Ralnsford, an English novelist, born in London in 1801, died in Ven- ice, June 9, 1860. He was educated at Green- wich, and at the age of 15 was sent to France, where he passed several years. While a boy he was in the habit of writing small pieces in prose and verse, and became an anonymous contributor to the magazines. Strongly en- couraged by Washington Irving, he produced in 1822 a life of Edward the Black Prince, the first book bearing his name. When but 17 years old he had written a collection of eastern stories, which were published in 1832 under the title of the "String of Pearls." His first essay as a novelist, "Richelieu," written in 1825 and published in 1829, met with consid- erable success, and was followed by "Darnley " and "Del'Orme" (1830), "Philip Augustus" (1831), " Henry Masterton " (1832), and " Mary of Burgundy" (1834). The list of original works of all descriptions published under his name amounts to more than 80, the latest being "The Cavalier" (1859). Among these are several volumes of poetry, and many of history and biography, including the " History of Chiv- alry," and lives of Charlemagne, Richard Co?ur de Lion, Henry IV. of France, and Louis XIV. For a short time he held the post of histori- ographer of England by the appointment of | William IV. About 1850 he removed to the United States, and in 1852 was appointed Brit- ish consul in Norfolk, Va., where he remained until his appointment in 1858 as consul at Venice. Among the novels suggested by his experiences of American life and history are "Ticonderoga" (1854) and "The Old Do- minion" (1856). "Adrian, or the Clouds of the Mind " (New York, 1852), he wrote joint- ly with Maunsell B. Field. A collected edition of his works has been published in London. JAMES. I. Henry, an American philosopher, born in Albany, N. Y., June 3, 1811. He studied for some time in Union college and in the Presbyterian theological seminary at Prince- ton. During a tour in Europe he became in- terested in the views of Robert Sandeman, of whose " Letters on Theron and Aspasio " he prepared an edition with an original preface (New York, 1839). In 1840 he published a pamphlet entitled " Remarks on the Apostolic Gospels," in which he maintained the absolute divinity of Jesus Christ while denying the doc- trine of the trinity. In another visit to Eu- rope in 1843 he became acquainted with the works of Swedenborg, which have ever since exercised a marked influence upon his opin- ions and writings. In 1846 he published " What is the State ? " a lecture delivered in Albany, and in 1847 " A Letter to a Sweden- borgian," in which, while asserting the doc- trines promulgated by Swedenborg, he argues against the ecclesiastical organization of the New Jerusalem church. In the winter of 1849-'50 he delivered in New York a course of public lectures, which were collected into a volume under the title of "Moralism and Christianity " (1852), and excited much atten- tion. The leading idea of this volume is that there is a radical distinction between the moral and religious life of man ; the former being mere obedience to the laws of human society, while the latter is the product of divine life and love flowing into the soul ; consequently the one is outward, formal, and temporary, while the other is inward, spontaneous, and permanent. A second course of lectures de- livered in 1851-'2, enforcing the same general views, was published, together with several articles written for magazines and reviews, in a volume entitled "Lectures and Miscellanies," in 1852. This was followed by " The Church of Christ not an Ecclesiasticism " (1854), " The Nature of Evil" (1855), "Christianity the Logic of Creation " (1857), " Substance and Shadow" (1866), and "The Secret of Sweden- borg " (1869). In these works Mr. James advo- cates a body of. religious philosophy and social doctrine which in its theological affinities is related to the teachings of Swedenborg, while its humanitary tendencies accord with the aims of modern socialism. II. Henry, jr., an Ameri- can author, son of the preceding, born in New York, April 15, 1843. He was educated part- ly in New York and partly in Europe, where he has lived for several years, mostly in France